University of Wisconsin Hematology

Pathophysiology and diagnosis of anemia; red cell biology

  1. Sankaran and Weiss. Anemia: progress in molecular mechanisms and therapies. Nat Med 2015;21:221
  2. Beutler and Waalen. The definition of anemia: what is the lower limit of normal of the blood hemoglobin concentration? Blood 2006;107:1747
  3. Kassenbaum et al. A systematic analysis of global anemia burden from 1990 to 2010. Blood 2014;123:615(About one-third of the people in the world are anemic; iron deficiency most common)
  4. Higgins and Mahadevan. Physiological and pathologica population dynamics of circulating human red blood cells. PNAS 2010;107:20587(See also an editorialin the NEJM)
  5. Schechter AN. Hemoglobin research and the origins of molecular medicine. Blood 2008;112:3927
  6. Hsia C. Respiratory function of hemoglobin. NEJM 1998;338:239
  7. Semenza G. Oxygen sensing, homeostasis, and disease. NEJM 2011;365:537
  8. Mohandas and Gallagher. Red cell membrane: past, present, and future. Blood 2008;112:3939
  9. Roy and Enns. Iron homeostasis: new tales from the crypt. Blood 2000;96:4020
  10. Pasini et al. In-depth analysis of the membrane and cytosolic proteome of red blood cells. Blood 2006;108:791
  11. DeLoughery T. Microcytic anemia. NEJM 2014;371:1324
  12. Stauder et al. Anemia at older age: etiologies, clinical implications, and management. Blood 2018;131:505
  13. Beguin et al. Quantitative assessment of erythropoiesis and functional classification of anemia based on measurements of serum transferrin receptor and erythropoietin. Blood 1993;81:1067
  14. Waalen et al. Haemoglobin and ferritin concentrations in men and women: cross sectional study. BMJ 2002;325:137
  15. Guralnik et al. Prevalence of anemia in persons 65 years and older in the United States: evidence for a high rate of unexplained anemia. Blood 2004;104:2263
  16. Ferruci et al. Unexplained anaemia in older persons is characterised by low erythropoietin and low levels of pro-inflammatory markers. Br J Haematol 2007;136:849
  17. Culleton et al. Impact of anemia on hospitalization and mortality in older adults. Blood 2006;107:3841(Lowest mortality with Hgb 13-15 in women, 14-17 in men)
  18. Beutler and West. Hematologic differences between African-Americans and whites: the roles of iron deficiency and -thalassemia on hemoglobin levels and mean corpuscular volume. Blood 2005;106:740  (“normal” hemoglobin levels lower in African-Americans)
  19. Zakai et al. A Prospective Study of Anemia Status, Hemoglobin Concentration, and Mortality in an Elderly Cohort.  Arch Intern Med 2005;165:2214 (Lower and higher hematocrits associated with increased mortality)
  20. Kosiborod et al. Anemia and Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure. A Study From the National Heart Care Project. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:2237(Higher mortality in anemic patients with CHF largely a function of underlying comorbid disease)
  21. Ble et al. Renal Function, Erythropoietin, and Anemia of Older Persons. The InCHIANTI Study. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:2222   (CrCl less than 30 associated with low EPO levels and anemia in individuals >65)
  22. Ferrucci et al. Low Testosterone Levels and the Risk of Anemia in Older Men and Women. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1380
  23. Wu et al. Preoperative Hematocrit Levels and Postoperative Outcomes in Older Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery. JAMA 2007;297:2481
  24. Patel et al. Red Blood Cell Distribution Width and the Risk of Death in Middle-aged and Older Adults. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:515(Higher RDW associated with increased risk of death)
  25. Perlstein et al. Red Blood Cell Distribution Width and Mortality Risk in a Community-Based Prospective Cohort. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:588
  26. Ramos et al. Macrophages support pathologic erythropoiesis in polycythemia vera and β-thalassemia. Nat Med 2013;19:437
  27. Chow et al. CD169+ macrophages provide a niche promoting erythropoiesis under homeostasis and stress. Nat Med 2013;19:429
  28. Sankaran et al. A functional element necessary for hemoglobin swtiching. NEJM 2011;365:807(with editorial)
  29. Perkins et al. Krüppeling erythropoiesis: an unexpected broad spectrum of human red blood cell disorders due to KLF1 variants. Blood 2016;127:1856(KLF1 variants associated with thalassemias, HPFH, PK deficiency, nonspherocytic hemolytic anemias, congenital dyserythropoietic anemias)
  30. Coulon et al. Polymeric IgA1 controls erythroblast proliferation and accelerates erythropoiesis recovery in anemia. Nat Med 2011;17:1456(Possible alternative to EPO treatment)
  31. Heuberger et al. Effects of erythropoietin on cycling performance of well trained cyclists: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Haematol 2017;4:e374(EPO treatment improved laboratory parameters of maximal exercise but not race performance; with editorial)
  32. Kordbacheh et al. Extracellular histones induce erythrocyte fragility and anemia. Blood 2017;130:2884(A possible mechanism causing anemia in critically ill patients)
  33. Gallagher PG. Disorders of erythrocyte hydration. Blood 2017;130:2699
  34. Lew and Tiffert. On the Mechanism of Human Red Blood Cell Longevity: Roles of Calcium, the Sodium Pump, PIEZO1, and Gardos Channels. Front Physiol 2017;4:387
  35. Klei et al. Hemolysis in the spleen drives erythrocyte turnover. Blood 2020;136:1579(Activation of adhesion molecules on old RBC cause retention/destruction in spleen)