University of Wisconsin Hematology

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas

General

  1. Winter et al.  Low-grade lymphoma.  Hematology 2004:203
  2. Lenz and Staudt. Aggressive lymphomas. NEJM 2010;362:1417
  3. Ansell SM. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: diagnosis and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc 2015;90:1152
  4. Armitage et al.  New approach to classifying non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas: clinical features of the major histologic subtypes. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:2780
  5. Pulte et al. Ongoing Improvement in Outcomes for Patients Diagnosed as Having Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma From the 1990s to the Early 21st Century. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:469
  6. Bradford et al. Cutaneous lymphoma incidence patterns in the United States: a population-based study of 3884 cases. Blood 2009;113:5064
  7. Caruso et al. Thrombotic complications in adult patients with lymphoma: a meta-analysis of 29 independent cohorts including 18 018 patients and 1149 events. Blood 2010;115:5322(Advanced stage NHL associated with highest risk)
  8. Reeder and Ansell. Novel therapeutic agents for B-cell lymphoma: developing rational combinations. Blood 2011;117:1453
  9. Maloney D. Anti-CD20 antibody therapy for B-cell lymphomas. NEJM 2012;366:2008
  10. Kline et al. The immune landscape and response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy in lymphoma. Blood 2020;135:523
  11. Zurawska et al. Hepatitis B virus screening before chemotherapy for lymphoma: a cost-effectivness analysis. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:3167(Most cost-effective to screen everyone; 10-fold decrease in HBV reactivation rate)
  12. Huang et al. Randomized Controlled Trial of Entecavir Prophylaxis for Rituximab-Associated Hepatitis B Virus Reactivation in Patients With Lymphoma and Resolved Hepatitis B. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:2765(Prophylaxis lowers reactivation rate)
  13. Kusumoto et al. Risk of HBV reactivation in patients with B-cell lymphomas receiving obinutuzumab or rituximab immunochemotherapy. Blood 2019;133:137

Low-grade lymphoma: reviews, pathology, prognosis, treatment strategies

  1. Winter et al.  Low-grade lymphoma.  Hematology 2004:203
  2. Salles G. Clinical features, prognosis and treatment of follicular lymphoma. Hematology 2007:216
  3. Stevenson and Stevenson. Follicular lymphoma and the immune system: from pathogenesis to antibody therapy. Blood 2012;119:3659
  4. Küppers and Stevenson. Critical influences on the pathogenesis of follicular lymphoma. Blood 2018;131:2297
  5. Gascoyne R. Hematopathology Approaches to Diagnosis and Prognosis of Indolent B-Cell Lymphomas. Hematology 2005:299-306
  6. de Jong D. Molecular Pathogenesis of Follicular Lymphoma: A Cross Talk of Genetic and Immunologic Factors. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:6358
  7. Solal-Céligny et al.  Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index.  Blood 2004;104:1258    see also: Ghielmini and Mora. Does the FLIPI apply to grade 3 follicular lymphoma? Blood 2005;105:4892
  8. Federico et al. Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index 2: A New Prognostic Index for Follicular Lymphoma Developed by the International Follicular Lymphoma Prognostic Factor Project. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:4555
  9. Pastore et al. Integration of gene mutations in risk prognostication for patients receiving first-line immunochemotherapy for follicular lymphoma: a retrospective analysis of a prospective clinical trial and validation in a population-based registry. Lancet Oncol 2015;16:1111(The “M7-FLIPI” score. Incorporating mutation status of 7 genes improves prognostic significance of FLIPI score; online calculator available here)
  10. Tan et al. Improvements in observed and relative survival in follicular grade 1-2 lymphoma during 4 decades: the Stanford University experience. Blood 2013;122:981
  11. Horning and Rosenberg. The natural history of initially untreated low-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. NEJM 1984; 311:1471
  12. Solal-Céligny et al. Watchful Waiting in Low–Tumor Burden Follicular Lymphoma in the Rituximab Era: Results of an F2-Study Database. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:3848(W&W still a reasonable approach)
  13. Armitage and Longo. Is watch and wait still acceptable for patients with low-grade follicular lymphoma? Blood 2016;127:2804
  14. Advani et al. Stage I and II Follicular Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: Long-Term Follow-Up of No Initial Therapy.  J Clin Oncol 2004;22:1454
  15. Hiddemann et al. Treatment Strategies in Follicular Lymphomas: Current Status and Future Perspectives. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:6394
  16. Gribben J. How I treat indolent lymphoma. Blood 2007;109:4617
  17. Jegalian et al. Follicular lymphoma in situ: clinical implications and comparisons with partial involvement by follicular lymphoma. Blood 2011;118:2976
  18. Cheson B.  Radioimmunotherapy of non-Hodgkin lymphomas.  Blood 2003;101:391
  19. Louissaint et al. Pediatric-type nodal follicular lymphoma: an indolent clonal proliferation in children and adults with high proliferation index and no BCL2 rearrangement. Blood 2012;120:2395(Localized, non-recurring follicular lymphoma; occurs in adults & children)
  20. Zohren et al. Prognostic value of circulating Bcl-2/IgH levels in patients with follicular lymphoma receiving first-line immunochemotherapy. Blood 2015;126:1407
  21. Dabaja et al. Proton therapy for adults with mediastinal lymphomas: the International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group guidelines. Blood 2018;132:1635
  22. Dunleavy and McLintock. How I treat lymphoma in pregnancy. Blood 2020;136:2118

Follicular lymphoma: transformation

  1. Kridel et al. Can histologic transformation of follicular lymphoma be predicted and prevented?. Blood 2017;130:258
  2. Freedman A. Biology and Management of Histologic Transformation of Indolent Lymphoma. Hematology 2005:314-320
  3. Montoro et al. Risk and Clinical Implications of Transformation of Follicular Lymphoma to Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:2426(28% 10-yr risk of transformation, median suvival after transformation 1.2 yrs)
  4. Link et al. Rates and Outcomes of Follicular Lymphoma Transformation in the Immunochemotherapy Era: A Report From the University of Iowa/Mayo Clinic Specialized Program of Research Excellence Molecular Epidemiology Resource. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:3272(Early rituximab treatment reduces transformation rate?)
  5. Casulo et al. Transformed follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 2015;125:40
  6. Wagner-Johnson et al. Outcomes of transformed follicular lymphoma in the modern era: a report from the National LymphoCare Study (NLCS). Blood 2015;126:851(Median OS following transformation = 5 yrs)
  7. Mir et al. Baseline SUVmax did not predict histological transformation in follicular lymphoma in the phase 3 GALLIUM study. Blood 2020;135:1214

Low-grade lymphoma: initial treatment

  1. Kahl and Yang. Follicular lymphoma: evolving therapeutic strategies. Blood 2016;127:2055
  2. Brady et al. Definitive radiotherapy for localized follicular lymphoma staged by 18F-FDG PET-CT: a collaborative study by ILROG. Blood 2019;133:237
  3. Hainsworth et al. Rituximab monoclonal antibody as initial systemic therapy for patients with low-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 2000;95:3052;
  4. Gordan et al. Phase II Trial of Individualized Rituximab Dosing for Patients With CD20-Positive Lymphoproliferative Disorders. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:1096
  5. Davies et al. Efficacy and safety of subcutaneous rituximab versus intravenous rituximab for first-line treatment of follicular lymphoma (SABRINA): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Haematol 2017;4:e272
  6. Lockmer et al. Chemotherapy-Free Initial Treatment of Advanced Indolent Lymphoma Has Durable Effect With Low Toxicity: Results From Two Nordic Lymphoma Group Trials With More Than 10 Years of Follow-Up. J Clin Oncol 2018;36:3315(Rituximab alone as initial therapy produced excellent 10-yr OS)
  7. Ghielmini M. Multimodality Therapies and Optimal Schedule of Antibodies: Rituximab in Lymphoma as an Example. Hematology 2005:321-328
  8. Salles et al. Rituximab combined with chemotherapy and interferon in follicular lymphoma patients: results of the GELA-GOELAMS FL2000 study. Blood 2008; 112:4824(improved EFS, similar OS with addition of rituximab)
  9. Marcus et al. Phase III Study of R-CVP Compared With Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, and Prednisone Alone in Patients With Previously Untreated Advanced Follicular Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:4579 (4 year OS improved by adding rituximab)
  10. Federico et al. R-CVP Versus R-CHOP Versus R-FM for the Initial Treatment of Patients With Advanced-Stage Follicular Lymphoma: Results of the FOLL05 Trial Conducted by the Fondazione Italiana Linfomi. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:1506(R-CHOP and R-FM gave etter PFS than R-CVP; R-CHOP less toxic than R-FM. With editorial)
  11. Luminari et al. Long-Term Results of the FOLL05 Trial Comparing R-CVP Versus R-CHOP Versus R-FM for the Initial Treatment of Patients With Advanced-Stage Symptomatic Follicular Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2018;36:689(8-year OS rate over 80%, similar in all three arms; PFS better for R-CHOP than R-CVP)
  12. Watanabe et al. Phase II/III Study of R-CHOP-21 Versus R-CHOP-14 for Untreated Indolent B-Cell Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: JCOG 0203 Trial. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:3990(Dose-dense therapy did not improve outcomes)
  13. Watanabe et al. Outcomes after R-CHOP in patients with newly diagnosed advanced follicular lymphoma: a 10-year follow-up analysis of the JCOG0203 trial. Lancet Hamatol 2018;5:e520(10-year PFS 36%, 8.1% incidence of 2nd malignancy)
  14. Kaminski et al.  131I-Tositumomab Therapy as Initial Treatment for Follicular Lymphoma.  NEJM 2005;352:441 (Bexxar)
  15. Shadman et al. Continued Excellent Outcomes in Previously Untreated Patients With Follicular Lymphoma After Treatment With CHOP Plus Rituximab or CHOP Plus 131I-Tositumomab: Long-Term Follow-Up of Phase III Randomized Study SWOG-S0016. J Clin Oncol 2018;36:697
  16. Marcus et al. CVP chemotherapy plus rituximab compared with CVP as first-line treatment for advanced follicular lymphoma. Blood 2005;105:1417
  17. Hiddemann et al. Frontline therapy with rituximab added to the combination of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) significantly improves the outcome for patients with advanced-stage follicular lymphoma compared with therapy with CHOP alone: results of a prospective randomized study of the German Low-Grade Lymphoma Study Group. Blood 2005;106:3725
  18. Hunault-Berger et al.  Intensive therapies in follicular non-Hodgkin lymphomas.  Blood 2002;100:1141
  19. Deconinck et al.  High-dose therapy followed by autologous purged stem-cell transplantation and doxorubicin-based chemotherapy in patients with advanced follicular lymphoma: a randomized multicenter study by GOELAMS. Blood 2005;105:3817  (No survival advantage to ASCT vs standard chemotherapy)
  20. Sebban et al. Standard chemotherapy with interferon compared with CHOP followed by high-dose therapy with autologous stem cell transplantation in untreated patients with advanced follicular lymphoma: the GELF-94 randomized study from the Groupe d’Etude des Lymphomes de l’Adulte (GELA). Blood 2006;108:2540 (No advantage to upfront ASCT)
  21. Ladetto et al. Prospective, multicenter randomized GITMO/IIL trial comparing intensive (R-HDS) versus conventional (CHOP-R) chemoimmunotherapy in high-risk follicular lymphoma at diagnosis: the superior disease control of R-HDS does not translate into an overall survival advantage. Blood 2008;111:4004
  22. Zinzani et al. Fludarabine Plus Mitoxantrone With and Without Rituximab Versus CHOP With and Without Rituximab As Front-Line Treatment for Patients With Follicular Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:2654
  23. Czuczman et al. Rituximab in Combination With Fludarabine Chemotherapy in Low-Grade or Follicular Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:694
  24. McLaughlin et al. Fludarabine, mitoxantrone, and dexamethasone: an effective new regimen for indolent lymphoma.  J Clin Oncol 1996;14:1262
  25. O’Connor et al. Phase II Clinical Experience With the Novel Proteasome Inhibitor Bortezomib in Patients With Indolent Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma and Mantle Cell Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:676
  26. Haas et al. High Response Rates and Lasting Remissions After Low-Dose Involved Field Radiotherapy in Indolent Lymphomas. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:2474
  27. Knoops et al. In vivo p53 response and immune reaction underlie highly effective low-dose radiotherapy in follicular lymphoma. Blood 2007;110:1116
  28. Friedberg et al. Effectiveness of First-Line Management Strategies for Stage I Follicular Lymphoma: Analysis of the National LymphoCare Study. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:3368(Rituximab-containing chemo or chemo + XRT better than XRT alone)
  29. McManus et al. Randomized Trial of Systemic Therapy After Involved-Field Radiotherapy in Patients With Early-Stage Follicular Lymphoma: TROG 99.03. J Clin Oncol 2018;36:2918(Adding R-CVP to XRT improved 10-yr PFS from 41% to 59%)
  30. Souers et al. ABT-199, a potent and selective BCL-2 inhibitor, achieves antitumor activity while sparing platelets. Nat Med 2013;19:202
  31. Flinn et al. Randomized trial of bendamustine-rituximab or R-CHOP/R-CVP in first-line treatment of indolent NHL or MCL: the BRIGHT study. Blood 2014;123:2944(BR non-inferior to standard treatment; causes more GI side effects, less neuropathy and aloepcia)
  32. Rummel et al. Bendamustine plus rituximab versus CHOP plus rituximab as first-line treatment for patients with indolent and mantle-cell lymphomas: an open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2013;381:1203(BR treatment associated with better PFS and less toxicity)
  33. Kolstad et al. Sequential intranodal immunotherapy induces antitumor immunity and correlated regression of disseminated follicular lymphoma. Blood 2015;125:82
  34. Marcus et al. Obinutuzumab for the First-Line Treatment of Follicular Lymphoma. NEJM 2017;377:1344(Modest improvement in 3 yr PFS but more serious AEs with obinutuzumab vs rituximab; with editorial)
  35. Hiddemann et al. Immunochemotherapy With Obinutuzumab or Rituximab for Previously Untreated Follicular Lymphoma in the GALLIUM Study: Influence of Chemotherapy on Efficacy and Safety. J Clin Oncol 2018;36:2395(Obinutuzumab gave better PFS than ritixumab with CHOP, CVP or Benda chemo backbone)
  36. Morschhauser et al. Rituximab plus Lenalidomide in Advanced Untreated Follicular Lymphoma. NEJM 2018;379:934 (Similar CR and PFS rates compared to R-CHOP, R-Benda, R-CVP; more neutropenia with R-chemo, more skin reactions with R-lenalidomide)
  37. Morschhauser et al. Six-Year Results From RELEVANCE: Lenalidomide Plus Rituximab (R2) Versus Rituximab-Chemotherapy Followed by Rituximab Maintenance in Untreated Advanced Follicular Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2022;40:3239 (PFS and OS similar to outcomes with R-chemo)
  38. Zucca et al. Short regimen of rituximab plus lenalidomide in follicular lymphoma patients in need of first-line therapy. Blood 2019;134:353
  39. Flowers et al. Lenalidomide in follicular lymphoma. Blood 2020;135:2133
  40. Bachy et al. Obinutuzumab plus lenalidomide in advanced, previously untreated follicular lymphoma in need of systemic therapy: a LYSA study. Blood 2022;139:2338 (80% CR rate)
  41. Zelenetz et al. Venetoclax plus R- or G-CHOP in non-Hodgkin lymphoma: results from the CAVALLI phase 1b trial. Blood 2019;133:1964(CR rates almost 80% with venetoclax + either R-CHOP or G-CHOP)

Low-grade lymphoma: maintenance/postremission treatment

  1. Salles et al. Rituximab maintenance for 2 years in patients with high tumour burden follicular lymphoma responding to rituximab plus chemotherapy (PRIMA): a phase 3, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2011;377:42(72% of maintenance group, vs 52% of controls, in CR at 2 years)
  2. Morschhauser et al. Phase III Trial of Consolidation Therapy With Yttrium-90–Ibritumomab Tiuxetan Compared With No Additional Therapy After First Remission in Advanced Follicular Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:5156(PFS prolonged by about 2 years with radioimmunutherapy)
  3. Hainsworth et al. Maximizing Therapeutic Benefit of Rituximab: Maintenance Therapy Versus Re-Treatment at Progression in Patients With Indolent Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma—A Randomized Phase II Trial of the Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:1088
  4. Hochster et al. Maintenance Rituximab After Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, and Prednisone Prolongs Progression-Free Survival in Advanced Indolent Lymphoma: Results of the Randomized Phase III ECOG1496 Study. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:1607
  5. Hochster et al. Maintenance Rituximab After Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, and Prednisone Prolongs Progression-Free Survival in Advanced Indolent Lymphoma: Results of the Randomized Phase III ECOG1496 Study. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:1607
  6. Kahl et al. Rituximab Extended Schedule or Re-Treatment Trial for Low–Tumor Burden Follicular Lymphoma: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Protocol E4402. J Clin Oncol 2014;32:3096(Re-treatment results as good as those for maintenance, with substantially less rituximab use – with editorial)
  7. Bachy et al. Sustained Progression-Free Survival Benefit of Rituximab Maintenance in Patients With Follicular Lymphoma: Long-Term Results of the PRIMA Study. J Clin Oncol 2019;37:2815(Maintenance improved PFS but not OS)

Low-grade lymphoma: treatment of relapsed/refractory disease

  1. Casulo and Barr. How I treat early-relapsing follicular lymphoma. Blood 2019;133:1540
  2. Leahy et al. Multicenter Phase II Clinical Study of Iodine-131�Rituximab Radioimmunotherapy in Relapsed or Refractory Indolent Non-Hodgkin�s Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:4418
  3. Leahy and Turner. Radioimmunotherapy of relapsed indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma with 131I-rituximab in routine clinical practice: 10-year single-institution experience of 142 consecutive patients. Blood 2011;117:45
  4. van Oers et al. Rituximab maintenance improves clinical outcome of relapsed/resistant follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma in patients both with and without rituximab during induction: results of a prospective randomized phase 3 intergroup trial. Blood 2006;108:3295
  5. Sebban et al. Impact of Rituximab and/or High-Dose Therapy With Autotransplant at Time of Relapse in Patients With Follicular Lymphoma: A GELA Study. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:3614(Adding rituximab to salvage regimen leads to dramatic improvement in long term outcome)
  6. Robinson et al. Phase II Multicenter Study of Bendamustine Plus Rituximab in Patients With Relapsed Indolent B-Cell and Mantle Cell Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:4473 (92% overall response rate, 41% CR)
  7. Flinn et al. First-Line Treatment of Patients With Indolent Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma or Mantle-Cell Lymphoma With Bendamustine Plus Rituximab Versus R-CHOP or R-CVP: Results of the BRIGHT 5-Year Follow-Up Study. J Clin Oncol 2019;37:984(5 year PFS 66% with BR vs 56% with R-CHOP/CVP; OS not different)
  8. Friedberg et al. Bendamustine in Patients With Rituximab-Refractory Indolent and Transformed Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: Results From a Phase II Multicenter, Single-Agent Study. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:204(77% overall response rate)
  9. Friedberg et al. The combination of bendamustine, bortezomib, and rituximab for patients with relapsed/refractory indolent and mantle cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 2011;117:2807(83% response rate, over 50% CR)
  10. Fowler et al. Bortezomib, Bendamustine, and Rituximab in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Follicular Lymphoma: The Phase II VERTICAL Study. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:3389(88% OR, 53% CR)
  11. Leonard et al. Randomized Trial of Lenalidomide Alone Versus Lenalidomide Plus Rituximab in Patients With Recurrent Follicular Lymphoma: CALGB 50401 (Alliance). J Clin Oncol 2015;33:3635(LR more active than L, no more toxic)
  12. Leonard et al. AUGMENT: A Phase III Study of Lenalidomide Plus Rituximab Versus Placebo Plus Rituximab in Relapsed or Refractory Indolent Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2019;37:1188(Adding lenolidamide prolonged median PFS from 14 mo to 40 mo)
  13. Radford et al. Obinutuzumab (GA101) plus CHOP or FC in relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma: results of the GAUDI study (BO21000). Blood 2013;122:1137(High response rates; G-FC somewhat more toxic)
  14. Salles et al. Obinutuzumab (GA101) in Patients With Relapsed/Refractory Indolent Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: Results From the Phase II GAUGUIN Study. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:2920
  15. Morschhauser et al. An open-label phase 1b study of obinutuzumab plus lenalidomide in relapsed/refractory follicular B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2018;132:1486
  16. Morschhauser et al. Obinutuzumab combined with lenalidomide for relapsed or refractory follicular B-cell lymphoma (GALEN): a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 study. Lancet Haematol 2019;6:e429
  17. Cheson et al. Overall Survival Benefit in Patients With Rituximab-Refractory Indolent Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Who Received Obinutuzumab Plus Bendamustine Induction and Obinutuzumab Maintenance in the GADOLIN Study. J Clin Oncol 2018;36:2259
  18. Advani et al. Bruton Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Ibrutinib (PCI-32765) Has Significant Activity in Patients With Relapsed/Refractory B-Cell Malignancies. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:88
  19. Walter et al. A phase 1 clinical trial of the selective BTK inhibitor ONO/GS-4059 in relapsed and refractory mature B-cell malignancies. Blood 2016;127:411
  20. Westin et al. Safety and activity of PD1 blockade by pidilizumab in combination with rituximab in patients with relapsed follicular lymphoma: a single group, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2014;15: 69
  21. Bartlett et al. Single-agent ibrutinib in relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma: a phase 2 consortium trial. Blood 2018;131:182(“Ibruntinib has modest activity” in this setting)
  22. Patel et al. Duvelisib for CLL/SLL and follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 2019;;134:1573
  23. Advani et al. CD47 Blockade by Hu5F9-G4 and Rituximab in Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. NEJM 2018;379:1711(43% CR rate in follicular lymphoma)
  24. Zinzani et al. Venetoclax-rituximab with or without bendamustine vs bendamustine-rituximab in relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma. Blood 2020;136:2628(“Modest efficacy”)
  25. Mato et al. Pirtobrutinib in relapsed or refractory B-cell malignancies (BRUIN): a phase 1/2 study. Lancet 2021; 397:892
  26. Sehn et al. Long-term 3-year follow-up of mosunetuzumab in relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma after ≥2 prior therapies. Blood 2025;145:708

CAR-T/NK and bispecific antibody therapy for lymphoma

  1. Westin and Sehn. CAR T cells as a second-line therapy for large B-cell lymphoma: a paradigm shift? Blood 2022; 139:  2737
  2. Kelkar et al. Second-Line Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Ann Intern Med 2023;176:1625 (Too expensive?)
  3. Ali et al. CAR T-cell therapy in highly aggressive B-cell lymphoma: emerging biological and clinical insights. Blood 2022;140:1461
  4. Schuster et al. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells in Refractory B-Cell Lymphomas. NEJM 2017;377:2545
  5. Liu et al. Use of CAR-Transduced Natural Killer Cells in CD19-Positive Lymphoid Tumors. NEJM 2020;382:545(High response rates, little toxicity)
  6. Hirayama et al. High rate of durable complete remission in follicular lymphoma after CD19 CAR-T cell immunotherapy. Blood 2019;134:636
  7. Kochenderfer et al. Chemotherapy-Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma and Indolent B-Cell Malignancies Can Be Effectively Treated With Autologous T Cells Expressing an Anti-CD19 Chimeric Antigen Receptor. J Clin Oncol 2015;33:540
  8. Chihara et al. Real-world experience of CAR T-cell therapy in older patients with relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2023;142:1047
  9. Neelapu et al. Axicabtagene Ciloleucel CAR T-Cell Therapy in Refractory Large B-Cell Lymphoma. NEJM 2017;377:2531(54% CR rate, most responses durable)
  10. Neelapu et al. Five-year follow-up of ZUMA-1 supports the curative potential of axicabtagene ciloleucel in refractory large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2023;141:2307
  11. Schuster et al. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells in Refractory B-Cell Lymphomas. NEJM 2017;377:2545
  12. Chow et al. Translating anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy into clinical practice for relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2018;132:777
  13. Schuster et al. Original Article Tisagenlecleucel in Adult Relapsed or Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. NEJM 2019;380:45(12 mo RFS 65%)
  14. Frigault et al. Tisagenlecleucel CAR T-cell therapy in secondary CNS lymphoma. Blood 2019;134:860
  15. Frigault et al. Safety and efficacy of tisagenlecleucel in primary CNS lymphoma: a phase 1/2 clinical trial. Blood 2022;139:2308
  16. Deng et al. Characteristics of anti-CD19 CAR T cell infusion products associated with efficacy and toxicity in patients with large B cell lymphomas. Nat Med 2020;26:1878
  17. Baird et al. CD22-directed CAR T-cell therapy induces complete remissions in CD19-directed CAR–refractory large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2021;137:2321
  18. Hill and Seo. How I prevent infections in patients receiving CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T cells for B-cell malignancies. Blood 2020;136:925
  19. Nastoupil et al. Standard-of-Care Axicabtagene Ciloleucel for Relapsed or Refractory Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Results From the US Lymphoma CAR T Consortium. J Clin Oncol 2020;38:3119
  20. Jacobson et al. Axicabtagene Ciloleucel in the Non-Trial Setting: Outcomes and Correlates of Response, Resistance, and Toxicity. J Clin Oncol 2020;38:3095
  21. Neelapu et al. Axicabtagene ciloleucel as first-line therapy in high-risk large B-cell lymphoma: the phase 2 ZUMA-12 trial. Nat Med 2022;28:735
  22. Westin et al. Survival with Axicabtagene Ciloleucel in Large B-Cell Lymphoma. NEJM 2023;389:148 (Second-line axi-cel superior to standard care in R/R disease)
  23. Houot et a. Axicabtagene ciloleucel as second-line therapy in large B cell lymphoma ineligible for autologous stem cell transplantation: a phase 2 trial. Nat Med 2023;29:2593
  24. Bachy et al. A real-world comparison of tisagenlecleucel and axicabtagene ciloleucel CAR T cells in relapsed or refractory diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Nat Med 2022;28:2145 (Axi-cel more effective and more toxic)
  25. Fowler et al. Tisagenlecleucel in adult relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma: the phase 2 ELARA trial. Nat Med 2022;28:325
  26. Dreyling et al. Durable response after tisagenlecleucel in adults with relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma: ELARA trial update. Blood 2024;143:1713
  27. Neelapu et al. Three-year follow-up analysis of axicabtagene ciloleucel in relapsed/refractory indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (ZUMA-5). Blood 2024;143:496
  28. Kamdar et al. Lisocabtagene maraleucel versus standard of care with salvage chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation as second-line treatment in patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma (TRANSFORM): results from an interim analysis of an open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2022;399:2294
  29. Abramson et al. Two-year follow-up of lisocabtagene maraleucel in relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma in TRANSCEND NHL 001. Blood 2024;143:404
  30. Minson et al. CAR T cells and time-limited ibrutinib as treatment for relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma: the phase 2 TARMAC study. Blood 2024;143:673
  31. Cappell et al. Long-Term Follow-Up of Anti-CD19 Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy. J Clin Oncol 2020;38:3805 (51% had remissions of 3+ years, median EFS 55 mo)
  32. Falchi et al. Bispecific antibodies for the treatment of B-cell lymphoma: promises, unknowns, and opportunities. Blood 2023;141:467
  33. Hill et al. Antitumor efficacy and safety of unedited autologous CD5.CAR T cells in relapsed/refractory mature T-cell lymphomas. Blood 2024;143:1231
  34. Budde et al. Mosunetuzumab with polatuzumab vedotin in relapsed or refractory aggressive large B cell lymphoma: a phase 1b/2 trial. Nat Med 2024;30:229
  35. Svoboda et al. Enhanced CAR T-Cell Therapy for Lymphoma after Previous Failure. NEJM 2025;392:1824 (IL-18-secreting CAR-T cells; 52% CR rate)
  36. Kobbe et al. Aggressive Lymphoma after CD19 CAR T-Cell Therapy. NEJM 2024;391:1217 (Precursor cells present in CAR-T apheresis product)

Intermediate and high grade lymphoma: reviews, pathology, prognosis, treatment strategies

  1. Nastoupil and Bartlett. Navigating the Evolving Treatment Landscape of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2023;41:903
  2. Tavakkoli and Barta. 2024 Update: Advances in the risk stratification and management of large B-cell lymphoma. Am J Hematol 2023;98:1791
  3. Dabrowska-Iwanicka and Nowakowski. DLBCL: who is high risk and how should treatment be optimized?. Blood 2024;144:2573
  4. Sehn and Salles. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. NEJM 2021;384:842
  5. Olszewski et al. Defining and treating high-grade B-cell lymphoma, NOS. Blood 2022;140:943
  6. Jaffe and Pittaluga. Aggressive B-Cell Lymphomas: A Review of New and Old Entities in the WHO Classification. Hematology 2011:506
  7. Chin and Cheah. How I treat patients with aggressive lymphoma at high risk of CNS relapse. Blood 2017;130:867
  8. Pfreundschuh M. How I treat elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2010;116:5103
  9. Lin et al. Role of anthracycline and comprehensive geriatric assessment for elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2017;130:2180
  10. Maurer et al. Event-Free Survival at 24 Months Is a Robust End Point for Disease-Related Outcome in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Treated With Immunochemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2014;32:1066(Patients surviving 2 years in remission had subsequent OS similar to general population)
  11. Held et al. Role of Radiotherapy to Bulky Disease in Elderly Patients With Aggressive B-Cell Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2014;32:1112(IFRT improves outcomes, abrogates bulky disease as risk factor)
  12. Morin et al. Mutational and structural analysis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma using whole-genome sequencing. Blood 2013;122:1256
  13. Ott et al. Understanding MYC-driven aggressive B-cell lymphomas: pathogenesis and classification. Blood 2013;122:3884
  14. Davies A. The high-grade B-cell lymphomas: double hit and more. Blood 2024;144:2583
  15. Friedbert JW. How I treat double-hit lymphoma. Blood 2017;130:590
  16. Pfreundschuh M. Growing Importance of MYC/BCL2 Immunohistochemistry in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphomas. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:3433(“Double-hit” DLBCL)
  17. Sarkozy et al. Double-hit and double-protein-expression lymphomas: aggressive and refractory lymphomas. Lancet Oncol 2015;16:e555
  18. Sesques and Johnson. Approach to the diagnosis and treatment of high-grade B-cell lymphomas with MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 rearrangements. Blood 2017;129:280(“Double-hit” lymphomas)
  19. International Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Study Group. A predictive model for aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. NEJM 1993;329:987 (The International Prognistic Index)
  20. Sehn et al. The revised International Prognostic Index (R-IPI) is a better predictor of outcome than the standard IPI for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with R-CHOP. Blood 2007;109:1857
  21. Perry et al. A new biologic prognostic model based on immunohistochemistry predicts survival in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2012;120:2290
  22. Zhou et al. An enhanced International Prognostic Index (NCCN-IPI) for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated in the rituximab era. Blood 2014;123:837
  23. Ruppert et al. International prognostic indices in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a comparison of IPI, R-IPI, and NCCN-IPI. Blood 2020;135:2041(NCCN-IPI had best discrimination)
  24. Eertink et al. Baseline PET radiomics outperforms the IPI risk score for prediction of outcome in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2023;141:3055
  25. Schmitz et al. CNS International Prognostic Index: A Risk Model for CNS Relapse in Patients With Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Treated With R-CHOP. J Clin Oncol 2016;34:3150
  26. Klanova et al. Integration of cell of origin into the clinical CNS International Prognostic Index improves CNS relapse prediction in DLBCL. Blood 2019;133:919(ABC or unclassified cell of origin independent risk factor for CNS relapse)
  27. Pasqualucci and Dalla-Favera. Genetics of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2018;131:2307
  28. Horn et al. MYC status in concert with BCL2 and BCL6 expression predicts outcome in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2013;121:2253
  29. Savage et al. Impact of dual expression of MYC and BCL2 by immunohistochemistry on the risk of CNS relapse in DLBCL. Blood 2016;127:2182(2-yr risk of CNS relapse about 10% of double-expressers vs 2% in others)
  30. Frosch et al. Molecular Risk Stratification in Aggressive B-Cell Lymphomas. J Clin Oncol 2020:38:2017
  31. Alduaij et al. Molecular determinants of clinical outcomes in a real-world diffuse large B-cell lymphoma population. Blood 2023;141:2493 (Double-hit signature has negative prognostic implications regardless of histology)
  32. López-Guillermo et al. Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Clinical and Biological Characterization and Outcome According to the Nodal or Extranodal Primary Origin. J Clin Oncol 2005;12:2797
  33. Ghesquières et al. Clinicopathologic Characteristics and Outcome of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphomas Presenting With an Associated Low-Grade Component at Diagnosis. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:5234
  34. Hegde et al. High incidence of occult leptomeningeal disease detected by flow cytometry in newly diagnosed aggressive B-cell lymphomas at risk for central nervous system involvement: the role of flow cytometry versus cytology. Blood 2005;105:496
  35. Benevolo et al. Final results of a multicenter trial addressing role of CSF flow cytometric analysis in NHL patients at high risk for CNS dissemination. Blood 2012;120:3222(Flow cytometry predicts CNS disease or relapse better than conventional cytology)
  36. Haioun et al. [18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in aggressive lymphoma: an early prognostic tool for predicting patient outcome. Blood 2005;106:1376
  37. Le Gouill and Casasnovas. Interim PET-driven strategy in de novo diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: do we trust the driver? Blood 2017;129:3059
  38. Bernstein et al. Natural History of CNS Relapse in Patients With Aggressive Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: A 20-Year Follow-Up Analysis of SWOG 8516—The Southwest Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:114(2.8% rate of CNS relapse. Most occur within 6 mo of diagnosis)
  39. Larouche et al. Lymphoma Recurrence 5 Years or Later Following Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Clinical Characteristics and Outcome. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:2094
  40. Thompson et al. Utility of Routine Post-Therapy Surveillance Imaging in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2014;32:3506(Routine surveillance imaging does not improve outcomes)
  41. Bobillo et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of extranodal stage I diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the rituximab era. Blood 2021;137:39
  42. Roschewski et al. Primary large B-cell lymphomas of immune-privileged sites. Blood 2024;144:2593
  43. Kim et al. Comparison of treatment strategies for patients with intestinal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: surgical resection followed by chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone. Blood 2011;117:1958
  44. Gundrum et al. Primary Testicular Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: A Population-Based Study on the Incidence, Natural History, and Survival Comparison With Primary Nodal Counterpart Before and After the Introduction of Rituximab. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:5227
  45. Cheah et al. Primary testicular lymphoma. Blood 2014;123:486
  46. Chin and Cheah. How I treat patients with aggressive lymphoma at high risk of CNS relapse. Blood 2017;130:867
  47. Achten et al.  T-Cell/Histiocyte–Rich Large B-Cell Lymphoma: A Distinct Clinicopathologic Entity. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:1269
  48. Wang et al. Impact of concurrent indolent lymphoma on the clinical outcome of newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2019;134:1289(DLBCL + FL has similar outcome to GCB DLBCL)
  49. Godfrey et al. PD-L1 gene alterations identify a subset of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma harboring a T-cell–inflamed phenotype. Blood 2019;133:2279
  50. Hu et al. CD30 expression defines a novel subgroup of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with favorable prognosis and distinct gene expression signature: a report from the International DLBCL Rituximab-CHOP Consortium Program Study. Blood 2013;121:2715
  51. Castillo et al. The biology and treatment of plasmablastic lymphoma. Blood 2015;125:2323
  52. Di Ciaccio et al. The influence of immunodeficiency, disease features, and patient characteristics on survival in plasmablastic lymphoma. Blood 2024;143:152
  53. Dabaja et al. Proton therapy for adults with mediastinal lymphomas: the International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group guidelines. Blood 2018;132:1635
  54. Dunleavy and McLintock. How I treat lymphoma in pregnancy. Blood 2020;136:2118
  55. Shree et al. Impaired Immune Health in Survivors of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2020;38:1664

DLBCL/aggressive NHL: treatment

  1. Pfreundschuh et al. Two-weekly or 3-weekly CHOP chemotherapy with or without etoposide for the treatment of young patients with good-prognosis (normal LDH) aggressive lymphomas: results of the NHL-B1 trial of the DSHNHL. Blood 2004;104:626
  2. Poeschel et al. Four versus six cycles of CHOP chemotherapy in combination with six applications of rituximab in patients with aggressive B-cell lymphoma with favourable prognosis (FLYER): a randomised, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2019;394:2271 (Four is as good as six in this patient group)
  3. Fisher et al. Comparison of a standard regimen (CHOP) with three intensive chemotherapy regimens for advanced non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. NEJM 1993;328:1002
  4. Cortelazzo et al. Randomized Trial Comparing R-CHOP Versus High-Dose Sequential Chemotherapy in High-Risk Patients With Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphomas. J Clin Oncol 2016;34:4015(No benefit to high-dose chemo + autotransplant vs R-CHOP)
  5. Cunningham et al. Rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone in patients with newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a phase 3 comparison of dose intensification with 14-day versus 21-day cycles. Lancet 2013;381:1817(No improvement in outcomes with R-CHOP-14 vs R-CHOP-21)
  6. Haberman T. Antibody therapy in aggressive lymphomas. Hematology 2007:257
  7. Pfreundschuh et al. Suboptimal dosing of rituximab in male and female patients with DLBCL. Blood 2014;123:640(Greater benefit from rituximab when clearance is slower, suggesting standard 375 mg/m2 dose may be suboptimal in many patients)
  8. Coiffier et al. CHOP Chemotherapy plus Rituximab Compared with CHOP Alone in Elderly Patients with Diffuse Large-B-Cell Lymphoma NEJM 2002;346:235
  9. Coiffier et al. Long-term outcome of patients in the LNH-98.5 trial, the first randomized study comparing rituximab-CHOP to standard CHOP chemotherapy in DLBCL patients: a study by the Groupe d’Etudes des Lymphomes de l’Adult. Blood 2010;116:2040(10-yr PFS 36.5% with R, 20% without)
  10. Winter et al. Prognostic significance of Bcl-6 protein expression in DLBCL treated with CHOP or R-CHOP: a prospective correlative study. Blood 2006;107:4207 (Addition of rituximab seemed to benefit only Bcl-6 negative patients)
  11. Fu et al. Addition of Rituximab to Standard Chemotherapy Improves the Survival of Both the Germinal Center B-Cell–Like and Non–Germinal Center B-Cell–Like Subtypes of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:4587
  12. Tout et al. Rituximab exposure is influenced by baseline metabolic tumor volume and predicts outcome of DLBCL patients: a Lymphoma Study Association report. Blood 2017;129:2616(Suggests higher rituximab dose needed if metabolic tumor volume, determined by PET, is high)
  13. Glass et al. Dose-escalated CHOP plus etoposide (MegaCHOEP) followed by repeated stem cell transplantation for primary treatment of aggressive high-risk non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 2006;107:3058
  14. Bartlett et al. Dose-Adjusted EPOCH-R Compared With R-CHOP as Frontline Therapy for Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Clinical Outcomes of the Phase III Intergroup Trial Alliance/CALGB 50303. J Clin Oncol 2019;37:1790(DA-EPOCH-R more toxic, no more effective than R-CHOP)
  15. Vitolo et al. Obinutuzumab or Rituximab Plus Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine, and Prednisone in Previously Untreated Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2017;35:3529(3-yr PFS similar for both regimens)
  16. Milpied et al.  Initial Treatment of Aggressive Lymphoma with High-Dose Chemotherapy and Autologous Stem-Cell Support.  NEJM 2004;350:1287
  17. Dunleavy et al. Differential efficacy of bortezomib plus chemotherapy within molecular subtypes of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2009;113:6069(Benefit seen only in activated B cell-like DLBCL)
  18. Molina et al. Young Patients With Non–Germinal Center B-Cell–Like Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Benefit From Intensified Chemotherapy With ACVBP Plus Rituximab Compared With CHOP Plus Rituximab: Analysis of Data From the Groupe d’Etudes des Lymphomes de l’Adulte/Lymphoma Study Association Phase III Trial LNH 03-2B. J Clin Oncol 2014;32:3996
  19. Micallef et al. Epratuzumab with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone chemotherapy in patients with previously untreated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2011;118:4053(70% EFS at 3 yrs; Epratuzumab = anti-CD22)
  20. Johnson et al. Concurrent Expression of MYC and BCL2 in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Treated With Rituximab Plus Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine, and Prednisone. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:3452(“Double-hit” DLBCL)
  21. Immunohistochemical Double-Hit Score Is a Strong Predictor of Outcome in Patients With Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Treated With Rituximab Plus Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine, and Prednisone. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:3460
  22. Landsberg et al. Outcomes of Patients With Double-Hit Lymphoma Who Achieve First Complete Remission. J Clin Oncol 2017;35:2260 (Intensive chemotherapy superior to R-CHOP; consolidative auto-SCT did not appear beneficial)
  23. Armand et al. Disabling Immune Tolerance by Programmed Death-1 Blockade With Pidilizumab After Autologous Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation for Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Results of an International Phase II Trial. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:4199
  24. Fields et al. De Novo Treatment of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma With Rituximab, Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Gemcitabine, and Prednisolone in Patients With Cardiac Comorbidity: A United Kingdom National Cancer Research Institute Trial. J Clin Oncol 2014;32:282
  25. Held et al. Impact of Rituximab and Radiotherapy on Outcome of Patients With Aggressive B-Cell Lymphoma and Skeletal Involvement. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:4116(No apparent benefit from R in pts with bone involvement; involved-field XRT was beneficial)
  26. Wilson et al. Targeting B cell receptor signaling with ibrutinib in diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Nat Med 2015;21:922(Ibrutinib responses mainly in those with ABC subtype vs GCB subtype of DLBCL)
  27. Nowakowski et al. Lenalidomide Combined With R-CHOP Overcomes Negative Prognostic Impact of Non–Germinal Center B-Cell Phenotype in Newly Diagnosed Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: A Phase II Study. J Clin Oncol 2015:33:251
  28. Nowakowski et al. ROBUST: A Phase III Study of Lenalidomide Plus R-CHOP Versus Placebo Plus R-CHOP in Previously Untreated Patients With ABC-Type Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2021;39:1317 (No clear benefit of adding lenalidomide)
  29. Nowakowski et al. Addition of Lenalidomide to R-CHOP Improves Outcomes in Newly Diagnosed Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma in a Randomized Phase II US Intergroup Study ECOG-ACRIN E1412. J Clin Oncol 2021;39:1329 (With editorial addressing possible reasons for the contradictory results in this and the previous study)
  30. Westin et al. Smart Start: Rituximab, Lenalidomide, and Ibrutinib in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Large B-Cell Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2023;41:745 (PFS 91% at 2 yrs; with editorial)
  31. Zelenetz et al. Venetoclax plus R- or G-CHOP in non-Hodgkin lymphoma: results from the CAVALLI phase 1b trial. Blood 2019;133:1964(CR rates almost 80% with venetoclax + either R-CHOP or G-CHOP; 88% of double-expressor DLBCL had CR)
  32. Younes et al. Randomized Phase III Trial of Ibrutinib and Rituximab Plus Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine, and Prednisone in Non–Germinal Center B-Cell Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2019;37:1285(Adding ibrutinib to R-CHOP improved EFS and OS in younger patients but was toxic in patients >60)
  33. Le Gouill et al. Obinutuzumab vs rituximab for advanced DLBCL: a PET-guided and randomized phase 3 study by LYSA. Blood 2021;137:2307(O no better than R)
  34. Martin et al. Phase 1 study of oral azacitidine (CC-486) plus R-CHOP in previously untreated intermediate- to high-risk DLBCL. Blood 2022;139:1147
  35. Belada et al. Safety and efficacy of tafasitamab with or without lenalidomide added to first-line R-CHOP for DLBCL: the phase 1b First-MIND study. Blood 2023;142:1348 (82% PFS @ 2 yrs with T+L added to R-CHOP)
  36. Wilson et al. Timing of high-dose methotrexate CNS prophylaxis in DLBCL: a multicenter international analysis of 1384 patients. Blood 2022;139:2499 (End-of-treatment HDk-MTX as effective as intercalated treatment, caused fewer delays in R-CHOP treatment)
  37. Orellana-Noia et al. Single-route CNS prophylaxis for aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas: real-world outcomes from 21 US academic institutions. Blood 2022;139:413 (The route of prophylaxis – IT vs systemic MTX – does not affect CNS relapse rate. Testicular involvement , non-GCB phenotype, high extranodal tumor burden predicted increased relapse rate)
  38. Alderuccio et al. How I treat secondary CNS involvement by aggressive lymphomas. Blood 2023;142:1771

Aggressive lymphomas in elderly patients

  1. Lugtenburg and Mutsaers. How I treat older patients with DLBCL in the frontline setting. Blood 2023;141:2566
  2. Wallace et al. How I treat older patients with relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2025;145:277
  3. Boehme et al. CNS events in elderly patients with aggressive lymphoma treated with modern chemotherapy (CHOP-14) with or without rituximab: an analysis of patients treated in the RICOVER-60 trial of the German High-Grade Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group (DSHNHL). Blood 2009;113:3896. (Addition of rituximab associated with less CNS disease)
  4. Shen et al. Gemcitabine-oxaliplatin plus rituximab (R-GemOx) as first-line treatment in elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a single-arm, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Haematol 2018;5:e261(47% CR rate)
  5. Thieblemont et al. Lenalidomide Maintenance Compared With Placebo in Responding Elderly Patients With Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Treated With First-Line Rituximab Plus Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine, and Prednisone. J Clin Oncol 2017;35:2473(Improved PFS with lenalidomide, similar OS to placebo arm)
  6. Gini et al. Lenalidomide plus rituximab for the initial treatment of frail older patients with DLBCL: the FIL_ReRi phase 2 study. Blood 2023;142:1438

Mediastinal DLBCL

  1. Savage KJ. Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2022;140:955
  2. Giulino-Roth L. How I treat primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2018;132:782
  3. Dunleavy and Wilson. Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma and mediastinal gray zone lymphoma: do they require a unique therapeutic approach? Blood 2015;125:33
  4. Dunleavy et al. Dose-Adjusted EPOCH-Rituximab Therapy in Primary Mediastinal B-Cell Lymphoma. NEJM 2013;368:1408(5 year OS 97% without XRT)
  5. Zinzani et al. Safety and tolerability of pembrolizumab in patients with relapsed/refractory primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2017;130:267
  6. Zinzani et al. Pembrolizumab in relapsed or refractory primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma: final analysis of KEYNOTE-170. Blood 2023;142:141 (Durable responses; 45% OS at 4 years)
  7. Zinzani et al. Nivolumab Combined With Brentuximab Vedotin for Relapsed/Refractory Primary Mediastinal Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Efficacy and Safety From the Phase II CheckMate 436 Study. J Clin Oncol 2019;37:3081
  8. Dabaja et al. Proton therapy for adults with mediastinal lymphomas: the International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group guidelines. Blood 2018;132:1635
  9. Hayden et al. Outcome of primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma using R-CHOP: impact of a PET-adapted approach. Blood 2020;136:2803

Localized/early stage agressive NHL

  1. Hawkes et al. Limited-stage diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2022;139: 822
  2. Bonnet et al. CHOP Alone Compared With CHOP Plus Radiotherapy for Localized Aggressive Lymphoma in Elderly Patients: A Study by the Groupe d’Etude des Lymphomes de l’Adulte. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:787(No benefit from adding XRT to CHOP x 4)
  3. Stephens et al. Continued Risk of Relapse Independent of Treatment Modality in Limited-Stage Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Final and Long-Term Analysis of Southwest Oncology Group Study S8736. J Clin Oncol 2016;34:2997(No plateau in survival curve – different biology?)
  4. Persky et al. Phase II Study of Rituximab Plus Three Cycles of CHOP and Involved-Field Radiotherapy for Patients With Limited-Stage Aggressive B-Cell Lymphoma: Southwest Oncology Group Study 0014. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:2258
  5. Miller et al. Chemotherapy alone compared with chemotherapy plus radiotherapy for localized intermediate- and high-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. NEJM 1998;339:21
  6. Reyes et al.  ACVBP versus CHOP plus radiotherapy for localized aggressive lymphoma.  NEJM 2005;352:1197
  7. Persky et al. Ibritumomab consolidation after 3 cycles of CHOP plus radiotherapy in high-risk limited-stage aggressive B-cell lymphoma: SWOG S0313. Blood 2015:125:236(Zevalin; PFS 89% @ 2yr, 82% @ 5yr)
  8. Lamy et al. R-CHOP 14 with or without radiotherapy in nonbulky limited-stage diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2018;131:174(No difference in outcomes with or without XRT)
  9. Persky et al. Positron Emission Tomography–Directed Therapy for Patients With Limited-Stage Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Results of Intergroup National Clinical Trials Network Study S1001. J Clin Oncol 2020;38:3003 (R-CHOP x 4 without XRT is sufficient for patients with negative post-treatment PET)

Relapsed/refractory aggressive NHL

  1. Friedberg JW. Relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Hematology 2011:498
  2. Crump et al. Outcomes in refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: results from the international SCHOLAR-1 study. Blood 2017;130:1800
  3. Morschhauser et al. Efficacy and safety of yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan in patients with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma not appropriate for autologous stem-cell transplantation. Blood 2007;110:54
  4. Wiernik et al. Lenalidomide monotherapy in relapsed or refractory aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:4952(35% overall response rate, 12% CR)
  5. Ferreri et al. Lenalidomide maintenance in patients with relapsed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma who are not eligible for autologous stem cell transplantation: an open label, single-arm, multicentre phase 2 trial. Lancet Haematol 2017;4:e137(25 mg/d lenalidomide given following salvange chemotherapy with CR or PR; 28/46 patients progression-free at 1 year)
  6. Matasar et al. Ofatumumab in combination with ICE or DHAP chemotherapy in relapsed or refractory intermediate grade B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2013;122:499(37% CR, 61% OR; all pts had prior rituximab treatment)
  7. Morschhauser et al. Obinutuzumab (GA101) Monotherapy in Relapsed/Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma or Mantle-Cell Lymphoma: Results From the Phase II GAUGUIN Study. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:2912
  8. Advani et al. Bruton Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Ibrutinib (PCI-32765) Has Significant Activity in Patients With Relapsed/Refractory B-Cell Malignancies. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:88
  9. Sauter et al. A phase 1 study of ibrutinib in combination with R-ICE in patients with relapsed or primary refractory DLBCL. Blood 2018;131:1805
  10. Goy et al. Ibrutinib plus lenalidomide and rituximab has promising activity in relapsed/refractory non–germinal center B-cell–like DLBCL. Blood 2019;134:1024
  11. Ohmachi et al. Multicenter Phase II Study of Bendamustine Plus Rituximab in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:2103(37% CR; Median PFS 6.7 mo)
  12. Jacobsen et al. Brentuximab vedotin demonstrates objective responses in a phase 2 study of relapsed/refractory DLBCL with variable CD30 expression. Blood 2015;125:1394
  13. Cuccuini et al. MYC+ diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is not salvaged by classical R-ICE or R-DHAP followed by BEAM plus autologous stem cell transplantation. Blood 2012;119:4619
  14. Crump et al. Randomized Comparison of Gemcitabine, Dexamethasone, and Cisplatin Versus Dexamethasone, Cytarabine, and Cisplatin Chemotherapy Before Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation for Relapsed and Refractory Aggressive Lymphomas: NCIC-CTG LY.12. J Clin Oncol 2014;32:3490(Non-inferior efficacy and less toxicity with GDP)
  15. Walter et al. A phase 1 clinical trial of the selective BTK inhibitor ONO/GS-4059 in relapsed and refractory mature B-cell malignancies. Blood 2016;127:411
  16. Viardot et al. Phase 2 study of the bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) antibody blinatumomab in relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2016;127:1410(43% OR, 19% CR, significant neurotoxicity)
  17. Dickinson et al. Glofitamab for Relapsed or Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. NEJM 2022;387:2220 (Bispecific CD20/CD3 Ab; 39% CR rate; CRS a common complication. With editorial)
  18. Advani et al. CD47 Blockade by Hu5F9-G4 and Rituximab in Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. NEJM 2018;379:1711(33% CR rate in DLBCL)
  19. Assouline et al. Phase 2 study of panobinostat with or without rituximab in relapsed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2016;128:185(28% response rate, adding rituximab did not increase rate)
  20. Kuruvilla et al. Selective inhibition of nuclear export with selinexor in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 2017;129:3175(31% OR rate)
  21. Ferreri et al. High Doses of Antimetabolites Followed by High-Dose Sequential Chemoimmunotherapy and Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation in Patients With Systemic B-Cell Lymphoma and Secondary CNS Involvement: Final Results of a Multicenter Phase II Trial. J Clin Oncol 2015;33:3903
  22. Lunning et al. Ublituximab and umbralisib in relapsed/refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2019;134:1811
  23. Ward et al. Phase 1/dose expansion trial of brentuximab vedotin and lenalidomide in relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2022;139:1999 (Responses seen in both CD30+ and CD30- patients)
  24. Mato et al. Pirtobrutinib in relapsed or refractory B-cell malignancies (BRUIN): a phase 1/2 study. Lancet 2021; 397:892
  25. Hutchings et al. Dose escalation of subcutaneous epcoritamab in patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma: an open-label, phase 1/2 study. Lancet 2021;398:1157
  26. Melani et al. Combination Targeted Therapy in Relapsed Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. NEJM 2024;390:2143 (Venetoclax, ibrutinib, prednisone, obinutuzumab, and lenalidomide.  38% CR rate. With editorial)
  27. Brody et al. Epcoritamab plus GemOx in transplant-ineligible relapsed/refractory DLBCL: results from the EPCORE NHL-2 trial. Blood 2025;145:1621
  28. Topp et al. Odronextamab monotherapy in R/R DLBCL after progression with CAR T-cell therapy: primary analysis of the ELM-1 study. Blood 2025;145:1498

Burkitt & lymphoblastic lymphoma

  1. Crombie and LaCasce. The treatment of Burkitt lymphoma in adults. Blood 2021;137:743
  2. Roschewski et al. Burkitt’s lymphoma. NEJM 2022;387:1111
  3. Costa et al. Trends in survival of patients with Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia in the USA: an analysis of 3691 cases. Blood 2013;121:4861
  4. Olszewski et al. Burkitt Lymphoma International Prognostic Index. J  Clin Oncol 2021;39:1129
  5. Panea et al. The whole-genome landscape of Burkitt lymphoma subtypes. Blood 2019;134:1598
  6. Thomas et al. Genetic subgroups inform on pathobiology in adult and pediatric Burkitt lymphoma. Blood 2023;141:904
  7. Hoelzer et al. Improved outcome of adult Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia with rituximab and chemotherapy: report of a large prospective multicenter trial. Blood 2014;124:3870 (5 year OS 80%)
  8. Ribrag et al. Rituximab and dose-dense chemotherapy for adults with Burkitt’s lymphoma: a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lanceet 2016;387:2402(3 yr EFS 75% with rituximab, 62% without)
  9. Mead et al. A prospective clinicopathologic study of dose-modified CODOX-M/IVAC in patients with sporadic Burkitt lymphoma defined using cytogenetic and immunophenotypic criteria (MRC/NCRI LY10 trial). Blood 2008; 112:2248(diagnostic criteria for Burkitt lymphoma vs other high-grade lymphomas; results of therapy)
  10. Dunleavy et al. Low-intensity therapy in adults with Burkitt’s lymphoma. NEJM 2013;369:1915(Dose-adjusted R-EPOCH highly effectve; less chemo and more rituximab effective for HIV-positive patients)
  11. Evens et al. Burkitt lymphoma in the modern era: real-world outcomes and prognostication across 30 US cancer centers. Blood 2021;137:374
  12. Vitale et al. Adult T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: biologic profile at presentation and correlation with response to induction treatment in patients enrolled in the GIMEMA LAL 0496 protocol. Blood 2006;107:473
  13. Thomas et al. Outcome with the hyper-CVAD regimens in lymphoblastic lymphoma.  Blood 2004;104:1624

Stem Cell Transplant in NHL

MALT and marginal zone lymphomas; GI lymphoma

  1. Cheah and Seymour. Marginal zone lymphoma: 2023 update on diagnosis and management. Am J Hematol 2023;98:1645
  2. Du M-Q. EMZL at various sites: learning from each other. Blood 2025;145:2117
  3. Thieblemont et al. Optimizing therapy for nodal marginal zone lymphoma. Blood 2016;127:2064
  4. Thieblemont et al. A MALT lymphoma prognostic index. Blood 2017;130:1409
  5. Farinha and Gascoyne. Molecular Pathogenesis of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:6370
  6. Suarez et al. Infection-associated lymphomas derived from marginal zone B cells: a model of antigen-driven lymphoproliferation. Blood 2006;107:3034
  7. Kuo and Cheng. Helicobacter pylori and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue: what’s new. Hematology 2013:109
  8. Kiesewetter and Raderer. Antibiotic therapy in nongastrointestinal MALT lymphoma: a review of the literature. Blood 2013;122:1350(About 45% have CR or PR with doxycycline)
  9. Bertoni and Zucca. State-of-the-Art Therapeutics: Marginal-Zone Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:6415
  10. Wündisch et al. Long-Term Follow-Up of Gastric MALT Lymphoma After Helicobacter Pylori Eradication. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:8018   (Most patients remain in CR after H Pylori eradication)
  11. Wündisch et al. Second Cancers and Residual Disease in Patients Treated for Gastric Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma by Helicobacter pylori Eradication and Followed for 10 Years. Gastroenterology 2012;143:936(80% who achieved CR were disease-free at 10 yrs; they had 8-fold higher incidence of gastric CA, 19-fold higher incidence of NHL)
  12. Decaudin et al. Ocular adnexal lymphoma: a review of clinicopathologic features and treatment options. Blood 2006;108:1451
  13. Ferreri et al. Regression of Ocular Adnexal Lymphoma After Chlamydia Psittaci–Eradicating Antibiotic Therapy. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:5067
  14. Desai et al. Long-term course of patients with primary ocular adnexal MALT lymphoma: a large single-institution cohort study. Blood 2017;129:324(Prognosis generally excellent but there is ongoing low risk for distant relapse and/or transformation to aggressive lymphoma)
  15. Arcaini et al. Splenic marginal zone lymphoma: from genetics to management. Blood 2016;127:2072
  16. Bonfiglio et al. Genetic and phenotypic attributes of splenic marginal zone lymphoma. Blood 2022;139:732
  17. Ianitto and Tripodo. How I diagnose and treat splenic lymphomas. Blood 2011;117:2585
  18. Kalpadakis et al. Rituximab monotherapy in splenic marginal zone lymphoma: prolonged responses and potential benefit from maintenance. Blood 2018;132:666
  19. Luminari et al. Early progression as a predictor of survival in marginal zone lymphomas: an analysis from the FIL-NF10 study. Blood 2019;134:798
  20. Hermine et al. Regression of Splenic Lymphoma with Villous Lymphocytes after Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus Infection.  NEJM 2002;347:89
  21. Zucca and Bertoni. The spectrum of MALT lymphoma at different sites: biological and therapeutic relevance. Blood 2016;127:2082
  22. Zucca et al.  Nongastric marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.  Blood 2003;101:2489
  23. Stefanovic and Lossos. Extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of the ocular adnexa. Blood 2009;114:501
  24. Koch et al.  Primary Gastrointestinal Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: I. Anatomic and Histologic Distribution, Clinical Features, and Survival Data of 371 Patients Registered in the German Multicenter Study GIT NHL 01/92. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:3861
  25. Daum et al. Intestinal Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: A Multicenter Prospective Clinical Study From the German Study Group on Intestinal Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma . J Clin Oncol 2003;21:2740
  26. Kim et al. Comparison of treatment strategies for patients with intestinal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: surgical resection followed by chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone. Blood 2011;117:1958
  27. Kuo et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy is effective in the treatment of early-stage H pylori–positive gastric diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Blood 2012;119:4838(69% CR rate with H pylori eradication alone)
  28. Ferreri et al. Chlamydophila Psittaci Eradication With Doxycycline As First-Line Targeted Therapy for Ocular Adnexae Lymphoma: Final Results of an International Phase II Trial. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:2988(65% OR rate)
  29. Mansoor et al. NK-cell enteropathy: a benign NK-cell lymphoproliferative disease mimicking intestinal lymphoma: clinicopathologic features and follow-up in a unique case series. Blood 2011;117:1447
  30. Zucca et al. Addition of Rituximab to Chlorambucil Produces Superior Event-Free Survival in the Treatment of Patients With Extranodal Marginal-Zone B-Cell Lymphoma: 5-Year Analysis of the IELSG-19 Randomized Study. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:565
  31. Zucca et al. Final Results of the IELSG-19 Randomized Trial of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma: Improved Event-Free and Progression-Free Survival With Rituximab Plus Chlorambucil Versus Either Chlorambucil or Rituximab Monotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2017;35:1905
  32. Noy et al. Targeting Bruton tyrosine kinase with ibrutinib in relapsed/refractory marginal zone lymphoma. Blood 2017;129:2224(Durable responses with acceptable toxicity)
  33. Salar et al. Long-term results of a phase 2 study of rituximab and bendamustine for mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Blood 2017;130:1772
  34. Nocturne and Mariette. Sjögren Syndrome-associated lymphomas: an update on pathogenesis and management. Br J Haematol 2015;168:317

Mantle cell lymphoma

  1. Ryan et al. Frontline management of mantle cell lymphoma. Blood 2025;145:663
  2. Silkenstedt and Dreyling. Treatment of relapsed/refractory MCL. Blood 2025;145:673
  3. Jain and Wang. High-risk MCL: recognition and treatment. Blood 2025;145:683
  4. Armitage and Longo. Mantle-cell lymphoma. NEJM 2022;386:2495
  5. Sarkozy et al. Unraveling MCL biology to understand resistance and identify vulnerabilities. Blood 2025;145:638
  6. Hoster et al. A new prognostic index (MIPI) for patients with advanced-stage mantle cell lymphoma. Blood 2008;111:558
  7. Geisler et al. The Mantle Cell Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (MIPI) is superior to the International Prognostic Index (IPI) in predicting survival following intensive first-line immunochemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Blood 2010;115:1530
  8. Eskelund et al. TP53 mutations identify younger mantle cell lymphoma patients who do not benefit from intensive chemoimmunotherapy. Blood 2017;130:1903
  9. Ghielmini and Zucca. How I treat mantle cell lymphoma. Blood 2009;114:1469
  10. Abrahamsson et al. Real world data on primary treatment for mantle cell lymphoma: a Nordic Lymphoma Group observational study. Blood 2014;124:1288
  11. Martin et al. Outcome of deferred initial therapy in mantle-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:1209(Deferring therapy is safe in selected asymptomatic patients)
  12. Rahal et al. Pharmacological and genomic profiling identifies NF-κB–targeted treatment strategies for mantle cell lymphoma. Nat Med 2014;20:87
  13. LaCasce et al. Comparative outcome of initial therapy for younger patients with mantle cell lymphoma: an analysis from the NCCN NHL Database. Blood 2012;119:2093(No difference in PFS among various aggressive regimens; median PFS 3-4 years)
  14. Smith et al. Phase II Study of Rituximab Plus Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine, and Prednisone Immunochemotherapy Followed by Yttrium-90–Ibritumomab Tiuxetan in Untreated Mantle-Cell Lymphoma: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E1499. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:3119
  15. Flinn et al. Randomized trial of bendamustine-rituximab or R-CHOP/R-CVP in first-line treatment of indolent NHL or MCL: the BRIGHT study. Blood 2014;123:2944(BR non-inferior to standard treatment; causes more GI side effects, less neuropathy and aloepcia)
  16. Griffiths et al. Addition of rituximab to chemotherapy alone as first-line therapy improves overall survival in elderly patients with mantle cell lymphoma. Blood 2011;118:4808
  17. Chang et al. Phase 2 study of VcR-CVAD with maintenance rituximab for untreated mantle cell lymphoma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study (E1405). Blood 2014;123:1665
  18. Friedberg et al. The combination of bendamustine, bortezomib, and rituximab for patients with relapsed/refractory indolent and mantle cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 2011;117:2807(83% response rate, over 50% CR)
  19. Robak et al. Bortezomib-Based Therapy for Newly Diagnosed Mantle-Cell Lymphoma. NEJM 2015;372:944(Median PFS 24.7 mo vs 14.4 mo for R-CHOP)
  20. Delarue et al. CHOP and DHAP plus rituximab followed by autologous stem cell transplantation in mantle cell lymphoma: a phase 2 study from the Groupe d’Etude des Lymphomes de l’Adulte. Blood 2013;121:48
  21. Hermine et al. Addition of high-dose cytarabine to immunochemotherapy before autologous stem-cell transplantation in patients aged 65 years or younger with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL Younger): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial of the European Mantle Cell Lymphoma Network. Lancet 2016;388:565(Addition of HDAC increased time to treatment failure from 3.9 yrs to over 9 yrs)
  22. Kluin-Nelemans et al. Treatment of older patients with mantle cell lymphoma. NEJM 2012;367:520(R-CHOP more effective than R-FC, rituximab maintenance more effective than interferon alfa)
  23. Rummel et al. Bendamustine plus rituximab versus CHOP plus rituximab as first-line treatment for patients with indolent and mantle-cell lymphomas: an open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2013;381:1203(BR treatment associated with better PFS and less toxicity)
  24. Visco et al. Combination of Rituximab, Bendamustine, and Cytarabine for Patients With Mantle-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Ineligible for Intensive Regimens or Autologous Transplantation. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:1442
  25. Forstpointner et al. Maintenance therapy with rituximab leads to a significant prolongation of response duration after salvage therapy with a combination of rituximab, fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and mitoxantrone (R-FCM) in patients with recurring and refractory follicular and mantle cell lymphomas: results of a prospective randomized study of the German Low Grade Lymphoma Study Group (GLSG). Blood 2006;108:4003
  26. Le Gouill et al. Rituximab after Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation in Mantle-Cell Lymphoma. NEJM 2017;377:1250(Maintenance therapy with rituximab prolonged EFS, PFS, and OS)
  27. Pott et al. Molecular remission is an independent predictor of clinical outcome in patients with mantle cell lymphoma after combined immunochemotherapy: a European MCL intergroup study. Blood 2010;115:3215
  28. Leonard et al. Selective CDK4/6 inhibition with tumor responses by PD0332991 in patients with mantle cell lymphoma. Blood 2012;119:4597(Palbociclib)
  29. Martin et al. A phase 1 trial of ibrutinib plus palbociclib in previously treated mantle cell lymphoma. Blood 2019;133:1201
  30. Fisher et al. Multicenter Phase II Study of Bortezomib in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Mantle Cell Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:4867
  31. Wang et al. Lenalidomide in combination with rituximab for patients with relapsed or refractory mantle-cell lymphoma: a phase 1/2 clinical trial. Lancet Oncol 2012;13:716
  32. Ruan et al. Lenalidomide plus Rituximab as Initial Treatment for Mantle-Cell Lymphoma. NEJM 2015;373:1835(64% CR, 2-year PFS 85%)
  33. Ruan et al. Five-year follow-up of lenalidomide plus rituximab as initial treatment of mantle cell lymphoma. Blood 2018;132:2016 (3-yr PFS 80%)
  34. Smith et al. Randomized study of induction with bendamustine-rituximab ± bortezomib and maintenance with rituximab ± lenalidomide for MCL. Blood 2024;144:1083 (Neither drug improved outcomes)
  35. Wang et al. Targeting BTK with Ibrutinib in Relapsed or Refractory Mantle-Cell Lymphoma. NEJM 2013;369:507(21% CR, 47% PR, median response duration 17.5 mo; with editorial)
  36. Wang et al. Long-term follow-up of MCL patients treated with single-agent ibrutinib: updated safety and efficacy results. Blood 2015;126:739 (2 year PFS 31%, OS 47%)
  37. Martin et al. Post-ibrutinib outcomes in patients with mantle cell lymphoma. Blood 2016;127:1559(Median OS 2.9 mo after stopping ibrutinib)
  38. Bernard et al. Activity of ibrutinib in mantle cell lymphoma patients with central nervous system relapse. Blood 2015;126:1695 (Drug very effective in this series of 3 patients)
  39. Dreyling et al. Ibrutinib versus temsirolimus in patients with relapsed or refractory mantle-cell lymphoma: an international, randomised, open-label, phase 3 study. Lancet 2016;387:770(Ibrutinib better)
  40. Tam et al. Ibrutinib plus Venetoclax for the Treatment of Mantle-Cell Lymphoma. NEJM 2018;378:1211 (70% CR rate in a group of high-risk patients)
  41. Handunnetti et al. Seven-year outcomes of venetoclax-ibrutinib therapy in mantle cell lymphoma: durable responses and treatment-free remissions. Blood 2024;144:867
  42. Le Gouill et al. Ibrutinib, obinutuzumab, and venetoclax in relapsed and untreated patients with mantle cell lymphoma: a phase 1/2 trial. Blood 2021;137:877
  43. Wang et al. Ibrutinib plus Bendamustine and Rituximab in Untreated Mantle-Cell Lymphoma. NEJM 2022;386:2482 (Adding Ibrutinib increased median PFS by almost 30 months)
  44. Wang et al. Acalabrutinib in relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma (ACE-LY-004): a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial. Lancet 2018;391:659(81% OR, 20% CR rates)
  45. Witzig and Inwards. Acalabrutinib for mantle cell lymphoma. Blood 2019;133:2570
  46. Song et al. Zanubrutinib in relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma: long-term efficacy and safety results from a phase 2 study. Blood 2022;139:3148 (78% CR rate, median duration of response 33 mo)
  47. Morschhauser et al. Obinutuzumab (GA101) Monotherapy in Relapsed/Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma or Mantle-Cell Lymphoma: Results From the Phase II GAUGUIN Study. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:2912
  48. Sarkozy et al. Obinutuzumab vs rituximab for transplant-eligible patients with mantle cell lymphoma. Blood 2024;144:262 (Retrospective analysis suggests O better than R in this setting)
  49. Goy et al. Single-Agent Lenalidomide in Patients With Mantle-Cell Lymphoma Who Relapsed or Progressed After or Were Refractory to Bortezomib: Phase II MCL-001 (EMERGE) Study. J Clin Oncol 2013(Median OS 19 mo)
  50. Albertsson-Lindblad et al. Lenalidomide-bendamustine-rituximab in patients older than 65 years with untreated mantle cell lymphoma. Blood 2016;128:1814(Regimen effective but toxic, with 16% rate of second malignancies)
  51. Rusconi et al. Ibrutinib improves survival compared with chemotherapy in mantle cell lymphoma with central nervous system relapse. Blood 2022;140:1907
  52. Mato et al. Pirtobrutinib in relapsed or refractory B-cell malignancies (BRUIN): a phase 1/2 study. Lancet 2021; 397:892

Cutaneous B-cell lymphomas

  1. Kim et al. TNM classification system for primary cutaneous lymphomas other than mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: a proposal of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas (ISCL) and the Cutaneous Lymphoma Task Force of the European Organization of Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Blood 2007;110:479
  2. Senff et al. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and International Society for Cutaneous Lymphoma consensus recommendations for the management of cutaneous B-cell lymphomas. Blood 2008;112:1600

Hepatitis C and lymphoma

  1. Marcucci and Mele. Hepatitis viruses and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: epidemiology, mechanisms of tumorigenesis, and therapeutic opportunities. Blood 2011;117:1792.
  2. Monti et al. Incidence and Characteristics of Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas in a Multicenter Case File of Patients With Hepatitis C Virus�Related Symptomatic Mixed Cryoglobulinemias. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165:101
  3. Vallisa et al. Role of Anti-Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Treatment in HCV-Related, Low-Grade, B-Cell, Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: A Multicenter Italian Experience. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:468
  4. Merli et al. Direct-Acting Antivirals as Primary Treatment for Hepatitis C Virus–Associated Indolent Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas: The BArT Study of the Fondazione Italiana Linfomi. J Clin Oncol 2022;40:4060
  5. Mele et al.  Hepatitis C virus and B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas: an Italian multicenter case-control study. Blood 2003;102:996
  6. Giannelli et al.  Effect of antiviral treatment in patients with chronic HCV infection and t(14;18) translocation.  Blood 2003;102:1196
  7. Ennishi et al. Hepatic toxicity and prognosis in hepatitis C virus–infected patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with rituximab-containing chemotherapy regimens: a Japanese multicenter analysis. Blood 2010;116:5119(Somewhat worse prognosis, significantly more hepatotoxicity in HCV-positive patients)
  8. Cacoub et al. Extrahepatic Manifestations of Chronic HCV Infection. NEJM 2021;384:1038

EBV-related lymphoproliferative disorders

  1. Williams and Crawford. Epstein-Barr virus: the impact of scientific advances on clinical practice. Blood 2006;107:862
  2. Wang et al. Chronic active Epstein-Barr virus disease originates from infected hematopoietic stem cells. Blood 2024;143:32
  3. Milone et al. Treatment of primary Epstein-Barr virus infection in patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease using B-cell–directed therapy. Blood 2005;105:994
  4. Heslop H. Biology and Treatment of Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas. Hematology 2005:260-266
  5. Toner And Bollard. EBV+ lymphoproliferative diseases: opportunities for leveraging EBV as a therapeutic target. Blood 2022;139: 983
  6. Nicolae et al. EBV-positive large B-cell lymphomas in young patients: a nodal lymphoma with evidence for a tolerogenic immune environment. Blood 2015;126:863(Most patients present with nodal disease, have good prognosis)
  7. Dojcinov et al. Age-related EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders in the Western population: a spectrum of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia and lymphoma. Blood 2011;117:4726
  8. Ok et al. EBV-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the elderly. Blood 2013;122:328
  9. Cohen et al. Characterization and treatment of chronic active Epstein-Barr virus disease: a 28-year experience in the United States. Blood 2011;117:5835(HSCT may be curative, even in patients with otherwise refractory disease)
  10. Bollard and Cohen. How I treat T-cell chronic active Epstein-Barr virus disease. Blood 2018;131:2899
  11. Asano et al. Age-related Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)–associated B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders: comparison with EBV-positive classic Hodgkin lymphoma in elderly patients. Blood 2009;113:2629(morphology similar to Hodgkin’s disease, poor prognosis)
  12. Dharnidharka and Mohanakumar. New Approaches to Treating B-Cell Cancers Induced by Epstein–Barr Virus. NEJM 2015;372:569(Pamidronate)
  13. Milone et al. Treatment of primary Epstein-Barr virus infection in patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease using B-cell–directed therapy. Blood 2005;105:994
  14. Cohen et al. Hydroa vacciniforme–like lymphoproliferative disorder: an EBV disease with a low risk of systemic illness in whites. Blood 2019;133:2753
  15. Melani et al. Pathobiology and treatment of lymphomatoid granulomatosis, a rare EBV-driven disorder. Blood 2020;135:1344

HIV-related lymphoma

  1. Carbone et al. Hematologic cancers in individuals infected by HIV. Blood 2022;139:995
  2. Natkunam et al. Immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders: time for reappraisal? Blood 2018;132:1871
  3. Shiels et al. Proportions of Kaposi Sarcoma, Selected Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas, and Cervical Cancer in the United States Occurring in Persons With AIDS, 1980-2007. JAMA 2011;305:1450
  4. Dolcetti et al. A lymphomagenic role for HIV beyond immune suppression? Blood 2016;127:1403
  5. Dunleavy and Wilson. How I treat HIV-associated lymphoma. Blood 2012;119:3245
  6. Uldrick and Little. How I treat classical Hodgkin lymphoma in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Blood 2015;125:1226
  7. Carbone et al. HIV-associated lymphomas and gamma-herpesviruses. Blood 2009;113:1213
  8. Bower et al. A Prognostic Index for Systemic AIDS-Related Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Treated in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. Ann Intern Med 2005;143:265
  9. Mounier et al. AIDS-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma: final analysis of 485 patients treated with risk-adapted intensive chemotherapy. Blood 2006;107:3832
  10. Barta et al. Treatment factors affecting outcomes in HIV-associated non-Hodgkin lymphomas: a pooled analysis of 1546 patients. Blood 2013;122:3251
  11. Little et al.  Highly effective treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome�related lymphoma with dose-adjusted EPOCH: impact of antiretroviral therapy suspension and tumor biology. Blood 2003; 101:4653
  12. Sparano et al. Rituximab plus concurrent infusional EPOCH chemotherapy is highly effective in HIV-associated B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 2010;115:3008(73% CR rate)
  13. Dunleavy et al. The role of tumor histogenesis, FDG-PET, and short-course EPOCH with dose-dense rituximab (SC-EPOCH-RR) in HIV-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2010;115:3017 (Better outcomes with germinal center B-cell variant)
  14. Levine et al. Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin, Rituximab, Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, and Prednisone in AIDS-Related Lymphoma: AIDS Malignancy Consortium Study 047. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:58
  15. Lim et al. AIDS-Related Burkitt’s Lymphoma Versus Diffuse Large-Cell Lymphoma in the Pre�Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) and HAART Eras: Significant Differences in Survival With Standard Chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:4430
  16. Galicier et al. Intensive chemotherapy regimen (LMB86) for St Jude stage IV AIDS-related Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia: a prospective study. Blood 2007;110:2846
  17. Dunleavy et al. Low-intensity therapy in adults with Burkitt’s lymphoma. NEJM 2013;369:1915(Dose-adjusted R-EPOCH highly effectve; less chemo and more rituximab effective for HIV-positive patients)
  18. Noy et al. AMC 048: modified CODOX-M/IVAC-rituximab is safe and effective for HIV-associated Burkitt lymphoma. Blood 2015;126:160
  19. Krishnan et al. Durable remissions with autologous stem cell transplantation for high-risk HIV-associated lymphomas. Blood 2005;105:874
  20. Díez-Martín et al. Comparable survival between HIV+ and HIV– non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphoma patients undergoing autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Blood 2009;113:6011
  21. Bower M. How I treat HIV-associated multicentric Castleman disease. Blood 2010;116:4415
  22. Uldrick et al. Rituximab plus liposomal doxorubicin in HIV-infected patients with KSHV-associated multicentric Castleman disease. Blood 2014;124:3544(3-year EFS 69%, OS 81%)
  23. Bower et al. Immunologic recovery in survivors following chemotherapy for AIDS-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 2008;111:3968
  24. Ramos et al. Impact of Myc in HIV-associated non-Hodgkin lymphomas treated with EPOCH and outcomes with vorinostat (AMC-075 trial). Blood 2020;136:1284

Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD)

  1. Amengual and Pro. How I treat posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Blood 2023;142:1426
  2. Dierickx and Habermann. Post-Transplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorders in Adults. NEJM 2018;378:549
  3. Zimmerman and Trappe. EBV and posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disease: what to do? Hematology 2013:95
  4. Heslop H. How I treat EBV lymphoproliferation. Blood 2009;114:4002(PTLD)
  5. Ruijter et al. Epstein–Barr Viral Load Monitoring Strategy and the Risk for Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disease in Adult Liver Transplantation. A Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med 2023;176:174
  6. Knight et al. Lymphoma After Solid Organ Transplantation: Risk, Response to Therapy, and Survival at a Transplantation Center. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:3354 (Median survival over 8 years with R-CHOP based Rx)
  7. Caillard et al. Post-Transplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorder After Kidney Transplantation: Report of a Nationwide French Registry and the Development of a New Prognostic Score. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:1302
  8. van Leeuwen et al. Immunosuppression and other risk factors for early and late non-Hodgkin lymphoma after kidney transplantation. Blood 2009;114:630
  9. Ghobrial et al. Prognostic Analysis for Survival in Adult Solid Organ Transplant Recipients With Post-Transplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorders. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:7574
  10. Choquet et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in B-cell post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders: results of a prospective multicenter phase 2 study. Blood 2006;107:3053
  11. Trappe et al. Sequential treatment with rituximab followed by CHOP chemotherapy in adult B-cell post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD): the prospective international multicentre phase 2 PTLD-1 trial. Lancet Oncol 2012;13: 196
  12. Trappe et al.Response to Rituximab Induction Is a Predictive Marker in B-Cell Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder and Allows Successful Stratification Into Rituximab or R-CHOP Consolidation in an International, Prospective, Multicenter Phase II Trial. J Clin Oncol 2017;35:536
  13. Savoldo et al. Treatment of solid organ transplant recipients with autologous Epstein Barr virus–specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Blood 2006;108:2942 (May treat or prevent PTLD)
  14. Heslop et al. Long-term outcome of EBV-specific T-cell infusions to prevent or treat EBV-related lymphoproliferative disease in transplant recipients. Blood 2010;115:925
  15. Evens et al. Multicenter Analysis of 80 Solid Organ Transplantation Recipients With Post-Transplantation Lymphoproliferative Disease: Outcomes and Prognostic Factors in the Modern Era. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:1038

    (Early rituximab-based therapy improves outcomes)

T-cell lymphomas: general

  1. de Leval et al. A practical approach to the modern diagnosis and classification of T- and NK-cell lymphomas. Blood 2024;144:1855
  2. Iqbal et al. New insights into the biology of T-cell lymphomas. Blood 2024;144:1873

Peripheral T-cell lymphoma

  1. Moskowitz et al. Current and upcoming treatment approaches to common subtypes of PTCL (PTCL, NOS; ALCL; and TFHs). Blood 2024;144:1887
  2. Marchi et al. Current and upcoming treatment approaches to uncommon subtypes of PTCL (EATL, MEITL, SPTCL, and HSTCL). Blood 2024;144:1888
  3. Ong and Zain. Aggressive T-cell lymphomas: 2024: Updates on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management. Am J Hematol 2024;99:439
  4. Shea and Meta-Shah. Peripheral T-cell lymphoma: are all patients high risk?. Blood 2024;144:2604
  5. Broccoli and Zinzani. Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified. Blood 2017;129:1103
  6. Van Arnam et al. Novel insights into the pathogenesis of T-cell lymphomas. Blood 2018;131:2320
  7. Savage KJ. Therapies for peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Hematology 2011:515
  8. Moskowitz et al. How I treat the peripheral T-cell lymphomas. Blood 2014;2636
  9. Schmitz et al. Treatment and prognosis of mature T-cell and NK-cell lymphoma: an analysis of patients with T-cell lymphoma treated in studies of the German High-Grade Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group. Blood 2010;116:3418
  10. International T-Cell Lymphoma Project. International Peripheral T-Cell and Natural Killer/T-Cell Lymphoma Study: Pathology Findings and Clinical Outcomes. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:4124
  11. Jaffe ES. Pathobiology of peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Hematology 2006;317
  12. Rizvi et al. T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 2006;107:1255
  13. Ruan et al. Multicenter phase 2 study of oral azacitidine (CC-486) plus CHOP as initial treatment for PTCL. Blood 2023;141:2194 (75% CR rate)
  14. Weisenburger et al. Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified: a report of 340 cases from the International Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma Project. Blood 2011;117:3402.(IPI and number of blastic cells most predictive of outcome)
  15. Gallamini et al. Alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) and CHOP chemotherapy as first-line treatment of peripheral T-cell lymphoma: results of a GITIL (Gruppo Italiano Terapie Innovative nei Linfomi) prospective multicenter trial. Blood 2007;110:2316(71% CR rate)
  16. Piekarz et a. Phase 2 trial of romidepsin in patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Blood 2011;117:5827(Overall response rate 38%)
  17. Coiffier et al. Results From a Pivotal, Open-Label, Phase II Study of Romidepsin in Relapsed or Refractory Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma After Prior Systemic Therapy. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:631(OR rate 25%, many responses durable)
  18. O’Connor et al. Pralatrexate in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma: Results From the Pivotal PROPEL Study. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:9024(29% OR, 11% CR; median OS 14.5 mo)
  19. Amengual et al. A phase 1 study of romidepsin and pralatrexate reveals marked activity in relapsed and refractory T-cell lymphoma. Blood 2018;131:397(OR rate 71%, well-tolerated)
  20. Damaj et al. Results From a Prospective, Open-Label, Phase II Trial of Bendamustine in Refractory or Relapsed T-Cell Lymphomas: The BENTLY Trial. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:104(28% CR, 22% PR)
  21. Horwitz et al. Objective responses in relapsed T-cell lymphomas with single-agent brentuximab vedotin. Blood 2014;123:3095(Responses seen even in the absence of CD30 expression by IHC)
  22. Horwitz et al. Brentuximab vedotin with chemotherapy for CD30-positive peripheral T-cell lymphoma (ECHELON-2): a global, double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2019;393:229(Brentuximab/cytoxan/doxorubicin increased median PFS from 21 to 48 mo vs CHOP with similar toxicity; 70% of pts had ALCL)
  23. Fanale et al. Five-year outcomes for frontline brentuximab vedotin with CHP for CD30-expressing peripheral T-cell lymphomas. Blood 2018;131:2120(100% response rate, 92% CR, 50% in CR after 5 yrs)
  24. Barta et al. Brentuximab vedotin in the treatment of CD30+ PTCL. Blood 2019;134:2339
  25. Zinzani et al. Valemetostat for patients with relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma (VALENTINE-PTCL01): a multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol 2024;25:1602
  26. Mak et al. Survival of Patients With Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma After First Relapse or Progression: Spectrum of Disease and Rare Long-Term Survivors. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:1970
  27. Ellin et al. Central nervous system relapse in peripheral T-cell lymphomas: a Swedish Lymphoma Registry study. Blood 2015;126:36
  28. Halfdanarson et al. Hematologic manifestations of celiac disease. Blood 2007;109:412 (Discussion of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma)
  29. Lebwohl et al. Mucosal Healing and Risk for Lymphoproliferative Malignancy in Celiac Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med 2013;159:169(Higher risk in patients with persistent villous atrophy)
  30. Di Sabatino et al. How I treat enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma. Blood 2012;119:2458
  31. Sieniawski et al. Evaluation of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma comparing standard therapies with a novel regimen including autologous stem cell transplantation. Blood 2010;115:3664
  32. Delabie et al. Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma: clinical and histological findings from the International Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Project. Blood 2011;118:148

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma

  1. Amin and Lai. Pathobiology of ALK+ anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Blood 2007;110:2259
  2. Hapgood and Savange. The biology and management of systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Blood 2015;126:17
  3. Schmitz et al. Treatment and prognosis of mature T-cell and NK-cell lymphoma: an analysis of patients with T-cell lymphoma treated in studies of the German High-Grade Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group. Blood 2010;116:3418
  4. Tilly et al. Primary anaplastic large-cell lymphoma in adults: clinical presentation, immunophenotype, and outcome. Blood 1997;90:3727
  5. Sibon et al. Long-Term Outcome of Adults With Systemic Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma Treated Within the Groupe d’Étude des Lymphomes de l’Adulte Trials. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:3939(8-yr OS 82% for ALK-positive, 49% for ALK-negative patients)
  6. Savage et al. ALK– anaplastic large-cell lymphoma is clinically and immunophenotypically different from both ALK+ ALCL and peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified: report from the International Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Project. Blood 2008;111:5496
  7. de Jong et al. Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma in Women With Breast Implants. JAMA 2008;300:2030
  8. Younes et al. Brentuximab Vedotin (SGN-35) for Relapsed CD30-Positive Lymphomas. NEJM 2010;363:1812
  9. Pro et al. Brentuximab Vedotin (SGN-35) in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Systemic Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma: Results of a Phase II Study. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:2190(57% CR)
  10. Pro et al. Five-year results of brentuximab vedotin in patients with relapsed or refractory systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Blood 2017;130:2709(57% PFS at 5 years)
  11. Horwitz et al. Brentuximab vedotin with chemotherapy for CD30-positive peripheral T-cell lymphoma (ECHELON-2): a global, double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2019;393:229(Brentuximab/cytoxan/doxorubicin increased median PFS from 21 to 48 mo vs CHOP with similar toxicity; 70% of pts had ALCL)
  12. Gambacorti-Passerini and Pogliani. Crizotinib in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (letter). NEJM 2011;364:775(Report of two patients with relapsed ALCL who had CR when treated with the ALK inhibitor crizotinib)
  13. Miranda et al. Breast Implant–Associated Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma: Long-Term Follow-Up of 60 Patients. J Clin Oncol 2014;32:114
  14. Mehta-Shah et al. How I treat breast implant–associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Blood 2018;132:1889

T-prolymphocytic leukemia

  1. Vardell et al. T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia: Epidemiology and survival trends in the era of novel treatments. Am J Hematol 2024;99:494
  2. Matutes et al. Clinical and laboratory features of 78 cases of T-prolymphocytic leukemia. Blood 1991;78:3269
  3. Staber et al. Consensus criteria for diagnosis, staging, and treatment response assessment of T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2019;134:1132
  4. Dearden et al. Alemtuzumab therapy in T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia: comparing efficacy in a series treated intravenously and a study piloting the subcutaneous route. Blood 2011;118:5799
  5. Dearden C. How I treat prolymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2012;120:538
  6. Biodol et al. First-in-human response of BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax in T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2017;130:2499

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

  1. Tensen et al. Genetic and epigenetic insights into cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Blood 2022;139:15
  2. Bradford et al. Cutaneous lymphoma incidence patterns in the United States: a population-based study of 3884 cases. Blood 2009;113:5064
  3. Rosen and Querfeld. Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Hematology 2006;323
  4. Whittaker et al. How I treat mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome. Blood 2016;127:3142
  5. Willemze et al. WHO-EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas. Blood 2005;105:3768
  6. Olsen et al. Revisions to the staging and classification of mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: a proposal of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas (ISCL) and the cutaneous lymphoma task force of the European Organization of Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Blood 2007;110:1713
  7. Agar et al. Survival Outcomes and Prognostic Factors in Mycosis Fungoides/Sézary Syndrome: Validation of the Revised International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas/European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Staging Proposal. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:4730
  8. Girardi et al.  The pathogenesis of mycosis fungoides.  NEJM 2004;350:1978
  9. Campbell et al. Sézary syndrome and mycosis fungoides arise from distinct T-cell subsets: a biologic rationale for their distinct clinical behaviors. Blood 2010;116:767
  10. Benner et al. Prognostic factors in transformed mycosis fungoides: a retrospective analysis of 100 cases. Blood 2012;119:1643(Large cell transformation)
  11. Hughes et al. Lack of durable disease control with chemotherapy for mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: a comparative study of systemic therapy. Blood 2015;125:71 (“…all chemotherapy regimens assessed have very modest efficacy”)
  12. Horwitz et al. Identification of an active, well-tolerated dose of pralatrexate in patients with relapsed or refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Blood 2012;119:4115
  13. Querfeld et al. Results of an open-label multicenter phase 2 trial of lenalidomide monotherapy in refractory mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome. Blood 2014;123:1159
  14. Gao et al. Prolonged survival with the early use of a novel extracorporeal photopheresis regimen in patients with Sézary syndrome. Blood 2019;134:1346
  15. Arologun et al. Long-term outcomes of patients with advanced-stage cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and large cell transformation. Blood 2008;112:3082
  16. Duvic et al. Phase 2 trial of oral vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, SAHA) for refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Blood 2007;109:31
  17. Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma: definition, classification, and prognostic factors: an EORTC Cutaneous Lymphoma Group Study of 83 cases. Blood 2008;111:838
  18. Garcia-Herrera et al. Primary Cutaneous Small/Medium CD4+ T-Cell Lymphomas: A Heterogeneous Group of Tumors With Different Clinicopathologic Features and Outcome. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:3364
  19. Kempf et al. EORTC, ISCL, and USCLC consensus recommendations for the treatment of primary cutaneous CD30-positive lymphoproliferative disorders: lymphomatoid papulosis and primary cutaneous anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Blood 2011;118:4024
  20. Shinohara and Shustov. How I treat primary cutaneous CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders. Blood 2019;134:515
  21. Prince et al. Brentuximab vedotin or physician’s choice in CD30-positive cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (ALCANZA): an international, open-label, randomised, phase 3, multicentre trial. Lancet 2017;390:555(Brentuximab superior to MTX or bexarotene)
  22. Khodadoust et al. Integrating novel agents into the treatment of advanced mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome. Blood 2023;141:695
  23. Nicolay et al. Dimethyl fumarate treatment in relapsed and refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: a multicenter phase 2 study. Blood 2023;142:794

Large granular lymphocyte syndrome

  1. Marchand et al. A modern view of LGL leukemia. Blood 2024;144:1910
  2. Lamy et al. LGL leukemia: from pathogenesis to treatment. Blood 2017;129:1082
  3. Lamy and Loughran. How I treat LGL leukemia. Blood 2011;117:2764
  4. Epling-Burnette et al. Clinical improvement by farnesyltransferase inhibition in NK large granular lymphocyte leukemia associated with imbalanced NK receptor signaling. Blood 2008:112:4694 (possible association between LGL and pulmonary hypertension)
  5. Cheon et al. Genomic landscape of TCRαβ and TCRγδ T-large granular lymphocyte leukemia. Blood 2022;139:3058
  6. Olson et al. Frequent somatic TET2 mutations in chronic NK-LGL leukemia with distinct patterns of cytopenias. Blood 2021;138:662
  7. Rajala et al. The analysis of clonal diversity and therapy responses using STAT3 mutations as a molecular marker in large granular lymphocytic leukemia. Haematologica 2015;100:91
  8. Cornec et al. Long-term remission of T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia associated with rheumatoid arthritis after rituximab therapy. Blood 2013;122:1583
  9. Dumitru et al. Alemtuzumab in T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukaemia: interim results from a single-arm, open-label, phase 2 study. Lancet Hematol 2016;3:e22
  10. Barilà et al. Tγδ LGLL identifies a subset with more symptomatic disease: analysis of an international cohort of 137 patients. Blood 2023;141:1036
  11. Brammer et al. Effective treatment with the selective cytokine inhibitor BNZ-1 reveals the cytokine dependency of T-LGL leukemia. Blood 2023;142:1271 (Clinical partial responses in 20%)
  12. Marchand et al.Efficacy of ruxolitinib in the treatment of relapsed/refractory large granular lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2024;205:915

Other T-cell and NK cell neoplasms

  1. Schmitz et al. Treatment and prognosis of mature T-cell and NK-cell lymphoma: an analysis of patients with T-cell lymphoma treated in studies of the German High-Grade Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group. Blood 2010;116:3418
  2. International T-Cell Lymphoma Project. International Peripheral T-Cell and Natural Killer/T-Cell Lymphoma Study: Pathology Findings and Clinical Outcomes. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:4124
  3. Yamaguchi et al. Advances in the treatment of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type. Blood 2018;131:2528
  4. Li et al. Clinical features and treatment outcome of nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphoma of Waldeyer ring. Blood 2008;112:3057
  5. Au et al. Clinical differences between nasal and extranasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma: a study of 136 cases from the International Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Project. Blood 2009;113:3931
  6. Kimura et al. EBV-associated T/NK–cell lymphoproliferative diseases in nonimmunocompromised hosts: prospective analysis of 108 cases. Blood 2012;119:673
  7. Kwong et al. PD1 blockade with pembrolizumab is highly effective in relapsed or refractory NK/T-cell lymphoma failing l-asparaginase. Blood 2017;129:2437
  8. Kim et al. Efficacy of combined CD38 and PD-1 inhibition with isatuximab and cemiplimab for relapsed/refractory NK/T-cell lymphoma. Blood 2025;146:155 (51% CR rate)
  9. Kim et al. Avelumab for the treatment of relapsed or refractory extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma: an open-label phase 2 study. Blood 2020;136:2754
  10. Suzuki et al. Prospective measurement of Epstein-Barr virus–DNA in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type. Blood 2011;118:6018(Detectable plasma EBV DNA associated with worse prognosis)
  11. Jaccard et al. Efficacy of L-asparaginase with methotrexate and dexamethasone (AspaMetDex regimen) in patients with refractory or relapsing extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, a phase 2 study. Blood 2011;117:1834(61% CR rate)
  12. Kim et al. Phase II Trial of Concurrent Radiation and Weekly Cisplatin Followed by VIPD Chemotherapy in Newly Diagnosed, Stage IE to IIE, Nasal, Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma: Consortium for Improving Survival of Lymphoma Study. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:6027
  13. Kwong et al. SMILE for natural killer/T-cell lymphoma: analysis of safety and efficacy from the Asia Lymphoma Study Group. Blood 2012;121:2973(56% CR, 5-year OS 50%)
  14. Yamaguchi et al. Phase II Study of SMILE Chemotherapy for Newly Diagnosed Stage IV, Relapsed, or Refractory Extranodal Natural Killer (NK)/T-Cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type: The NK-Cell Tumor Study Group Study. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:4410(1 year OS 55%)
  15. Yang et al. Risk-adapted therapy for early-stage extranodal nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphoma: analysis from a multicenter study. Blood 2015;126:1424
  16. Huang et al. Sugemalimab Monotherapy for Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Extranodal Natural Killer/T-Cell Lymphoma (GEMSTONE-201): Results From a Single-Arm, Multicenter, Phase II Study. J Clin Oncol 2023;41:3032
  17. Pro et al. Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma: a rare but challenging entity. Blood 2020;136:2018
  18. Herling et al.  A systematic approach to diagnosis of mature T-cell leukemias reveals heterogeneity among WHO categories.  Blood 2004;104:328
  19. Lunning and Vose. Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma: the many-faced lymphoma. Blood 2017;129:1095
  20. Odejide et al. A targeted mutational landscape of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. Blood 2014;123:1293
  21. Mourad et al. Clinical, biologic, and pathologic features in 157 patients with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma treated within the Groupe d’Etude des Lymphomes de l’Adulte (GELA) trials. Blood 2008;111:4463
  22. Kyriakou et al. High-Dose Therapy and Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation in Angioimmunoblastic Lymphoma: Complete Remission at Transplantation Is the Major Determinant of Outcome—Lymphoma Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:218
  23. Tokunaga et al. Retrospective analysis of prognostic factors for angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma: a multicenter cooperative study in Japan. Blood 2012;119:2837
  24. Federico et al. Clinicopathologic Characteristics of Angioimmunoblastic T-Cell Lymphoma: Analysis of the International Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Project. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:240
  25. Advvani et al. Outcomes and prognostic factors in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma: final report from the international T-cell Project. Blood 2021;138:213
  26. Wang et al. IDH2R172 mutations define a unique subgroup of patients with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. Blood 2015;126:1741
  27. Lemonnier et al. Treatment with 5-azacytidine induces a sustained response in patients with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. Blood 2018;132:2305(6 CR out of 12 high-risk patients treated)
  28. Cook and Phillips. How I treat adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Blood 2021;137:459
  29. Katsuya et al Treatment and survival among 1594 patients with ATL. Blood 2015;126:2570
  30. Hodson et al. Use of Zidovudine and Interferon Alfa With Chemotherapy Improves Survival in Both Acute and Lymphoma Subtypes of Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:4696
  31. Tsukasaki et al. VCAP-AMP-VECP Compared With Biweekly CHOP for Adult T-Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma: Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study JCOG9801. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:5458
  32. Kchour et al. Phase 2 study of the efficacy and safety of the combination of arsenic trioxide, interferon alpha, and zidovudine in newly diagnosed chronic adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). Blood 2009;113:6528
  33. Izutsu et al. An open-label, single-arm phase 2 trial of valemetostat for relapsed or refractory adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Blood 2023;141:1159
  34. Takasaki et al. Long-term study of indolent adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma. Blood 2010;115:4337
  35. Mansoor et al. NK-cell enteropathy: a benign NK-cell lymphoproliferative disease mimicking intestinal lymphoma: clinicopathologic features and follow-up in a unique case series. Blood 2011;117:1447

Primary CNS lymphoma

  1. Schaff and Grommes. Primary central nervous system lymphoma. Blood 2022;140:971
  2. Fallah et al. Therapy and outcomes of primary central nervous system lymphoma in the United States: analysis of the National Cancer Database. Blood Adv 2016;1:112
  3. Hoang-Xuan et al. Diagnosis and treatment of primary CNS lymphoma in immunocompetent patients: guidelines from the European Association for Neuro-Oncology. Lancet Oncol 2015;16:e322
  4. Illerhaus et al. Novel agents for primary central nervous system lymphoma: evidence and perspectives. Blood 2018;132:681
  5. Chapuy et al. Targetable genetic features of primary testicular and primary central nervous system lymphomas. Blood 2016;127:869
  6. Kasenda et al. The role of whole brain radiation in primary CNS lymphoma. Blood 2016;128:32
  7. Houillier et al. Radiotherapy or Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation for Primary CNS Lymphoma in Patients 60 Years of Age and Younger: Results of the Intergroup ANOCEF-GOELAMS Randomized Phase II PRECIS Study. J Clin Oncol 2019;37:823 (Better survival and cognitive function with chemo+ASCT)
  8. Houiller et al. Radiotherapy or Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation for Primary CNS Lymphoma in Patients Age 60 Years and Younger: Long-Term Results of the Randomized Phase II PRECIS Study. J Clin Oncol 2022;40:3692 (8-yr EFS 69% with ASCT vs 39% with XRT following HD MTX induction; XRT more toxic)
  9. Baraniskin et al. Identification of microRNAs in the cerebrospinal fluid as marker for primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the central nervous system. Blood 2011;117:3140
  10. Rubenstein et al. Multicenter phase 1 trial of intraventricular immunochemotherapy in recurrent CNS lymphoma. Blood 2013;121:745
  11. Angelov et al. Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption and Intra-Arterial Methotrexate-Based Therapy for Newly Diagnosed Primary CNS Lymphoma: A Multi-Institutional Experience. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:3503(82% OR rate, median OS 3.1 yr)
  12. Rubenstein et al. Intensive Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Primary CNS Lymphoma: CALGB 50202 (Alliance 50202). J Clin Oncol 2013;31:3061(Results comparable to those using whole-brain XRT)
  13. Omuro et al. R-MPV followed by high-dose chemotherapy with TBC and autologous stem-cell transplant for newly diagnosed primary CNS lymphoma. Blood 2015;125:1403(Two year PFS 79%)
  14. Nayak et al. PD-1 blockade with nivolumab in relapsed/refractory primary central nervous system and testicular lymphoma. Blood 2017;129:3071(5/5 responses, 3/5 durable at one year or more)
  15. Tun et al. Phase 1 study of pomalidomide and dexamethasone for relapsed/refractory primary CNS or vitreoretinal lymphoma. Blood 2018;132:2240
  16. Jahnke et al. International study on low-grade primary central nervous system lymphoma. Ann Neurol 2006;59:755
  17. Grisariu et al. Neurolymphomatosis: an International Primary CNS Lymphoma Collaborative Group report. Blood 2010;115:5005
  18. Soussain et al. Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma: a diagnostic and management challenge. Blood 2021;138:1519

Richter syndrome and other transformed lymphomas

  1. Parry et al. Richter syndrome: novel insights into the biology of transformation. Blood 2023;142:11
  2. Kittai et al. International consensus statement on diagnosis, evaluation, and research of Richter transformation: the ERIC recommendations. Blood 2025;146:391
  3. Smyth et al. Emerging Therapies for the Management of Richter Transformation. J Clin Oncol 2023;41:395
  4. Rossi et al. Biology and treatment of Richter syndrome. Blood 2018;131:2761
  5. Parikh et al. How we treat Richter syndrome. Blood 2014;123:1647
  6. Chigrinova et al. Two main genetic pathways lead to the transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia to Richter syndrome. Blood 2013;122:2673(Inactivation of TP53 in half of cases, trisomy 12 in a third)
  7. Falchi et al. Correlation between FDG/PET, histology, characteristics, and survival in 332 patients with chronic lymphoid leukemia. Blood 2014;123:2783(FDG/PET useful in diagnosing Richter transformation)
  8. Ding et al. Pembrolizumab in patients with CLL and Richter transformation or with relapsed CLL. Blood 2017;129:3419
  9. Bernstein and Burack. The incidence, natural history, biology, and treatment of transformed lymphomas. Hematology 2009;532(Transformation of follicular lymphoma)
  10. Abdulwahab et al. Population-Based Analysis of Incidence and Outcome of Transformed Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:5165(Transformation risk about 3%/year, median survival 1.7 years after transformation)
  11. Rossi et al. The genetics of Richter syndrome reveals disease heterogeneity and predicts survival after transformation. Blood 2011;117:3391 (P53 mutations associated with worse outcome; better outcome if RS clone not related to original CLL clone)
  12. Friedberg et al. Bendamustine in Patients With Rituximab-Refractory Indolent and Transformed Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: Results From a Phase II Multicenter, Single-Agent Study. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:204(77% overall response rate)
  13. Montoro et al. Risk and Clinical Implications of Transformation of Follicular Lymphoma to Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:2426 (28% 10-yr risk of transformation, median suvival after transformation 1.2 yrs)
  14. Davids et al. Venetoclax plus dose-adjusted R-EPOCH for Richter syndrome. Blood 2022;139:686 (50% CR rate, median PFS 10 mo)
  15. Al-Sawaf et al.  Tislelizumab plus zanubrutinib for Richter transformation: the phase 2 RT1 trial. Nat Med 2024l30:240

Complications

  1. Howard et al. The tumor lysis syndrome. NEJM 2011;364:1844
  2. Friedberg J. Unique Toxicities and Resistance Mechanisms Associated with Monoclonal Antibody Therapy.  Hematology 2005:329-334
  3. O’Brien et al. Valganciclovir prevents cytomegalovirus reactivation in patients receiving alemtuzumab-based therapy. Blood 2008;111:1816