University of Wisconsin Hematology

Cancer treatment – miscellaneous aspects/supportive care

Epidemiology

  1. Welch et al. Epidemiologic Signatures in Cancer. NEJM 2019;381:1378

Ethics

  1. American College of Physicians.  Ethics manual, 7th ed.  Ann Intern Med 2019;170:S1
  2. Gallagher et al. Disclosing harmful medical errors to patients. NEJM 2007;356:2713
  3. Weiger et al.  Advising patients who seek complementary and alternative medical therapies for cancer.  Ann Intern Med 2002;137:889
  4. DeMartino et al. Who Decides When a Patient Can’t? Statutes on Alternate Decision Makers. NEJM 2017;376:1478

Frailty and cancer treatment

  1. Abel and Klepin. Frailty and the management of hematologic malignancies. Blood 2018;131:515

Fertility and cancer treatment

  1. Gonfloni et al. Inhibition of the c-Abl–TAp63 pathway protects mouse oocytes from chemotherapy-induced death. Nature Medicine 2009;15:1179(Imatinib preserves fertility in female mice given cisplatin; see also the accompanying editorial)
  2. Greve et al. Cryopreserved ovarian cortex from patients with leukemia in complete remission contains no apparent viable malignant cells. Blood 2012;120:4311
  3. van der Kaaij et al. Premature Ovarian Failure and Fertility in Long-Term Survivors of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: A European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Lymphoma Group and Groupe d’Étude des Lymphomes de l’Adulte Cohort Study. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:291(“Non-alkylating chemotherapy carries little or no excess risk of POF”)
  4. Loren and Senapati. Fertility preservation in patients with hematologic malignancies and recipients of hematopoietic cell transplants. Blood 2019;134:746
  5. Sockel et al. Hope for motherhood: pregnancy after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (a national multicenter study). Blood 2024;144:1532

Pregnancy and cancer

  1. Evers et al. Lymphoma Occurring During Pregnancy: Antenatal Therapy, Complications, and Maternal Survival in a Multicenter Analysis. J Clin Oncol 2013;2013:4132
  2. Milojkovic and Apperley. How I treat leukemia during pregnancy. Blood 2014;123:974
  3. Horowitz et al. Haematological malignancies in pregnancy: An overview with an emphasis on thrombotic risks. Thromb Haemost 2016;116:613

Miscellaneous complications of cancer

  1. Mann J.  The medical management of depression.  NEJM 2005;353:1819
  2. Stewart A.  Hypercalcemia associated with cancer.  NEJM 2005;352:373
  3. Jones et al. Guidelines for the management of tumour lysis syndrome in adults and children with haematological malignancies on behalf of the British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Br J Haematol 2015;169:661
  4. Cortes et al. Control of Plasma Uric Acid in Adults at Risk for Tumor Lysis Syndrome: Efficacy and Safety of Rasburicase Alone and Rasburicase Followed by Allopurinol Compared With Allopurinol Alone—Results of a Multicenter Phase III Study. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:4207
  5. Thomas et al. Methylnaltrexone for opioid-induced constipation in advanced illness. NEJM 2008;358:2332(with editorial)
  6. Stone et al. Paraneoplastic thrombocytosis in ovarian cancer. NEJM 2012;366:610
  7. Lin et al. Paraneoplastic thrombocytosis: the secrets of tumor self-promotion. Blood 2014;124: 184
  8. Azoulay et al. Outcomes of Critically Ill Patients With Hematologic Malignancies: Prospective Multicenter Data From France and Belgium—A Groupe de Recherche Respiratoire en Réanimation Onco-Hématologique Study. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:2810 (“Critically ill patients with hematologic malignancies have good survival, disease control, and post-ICU HRQOL. Earlier ICU admission is associated with better survival”)
  9. Lee et al. Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of cytokine release syndrome. Blood 2014;124:188
  10. Fukawa et al. Excessive fatty acid oxidation induces muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia. Nat Med 2016;22:666(With editorial)
  11. Groarke et al. Ponsegromab for the Treatment of Cancer Cachexia. NEJM 2024;391:2291
  12. Herrmann et al. Vascular toxicities of cancer therapies. Circulation 2016;133:1272
  13. Englisch et al. Bleeding events in patients with cancer: incidence, risk factors, and impact on prognosis in a prospective cohort study. Blood 2024;144:2349
  14. Nangia et al. Effect of a Scalp Cooling Device on Alopecia in Women Undergoing Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer. The SCALP Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2017;317:596(Hair preservation in more than half of treated patients vs none of the untreated patients; with editorial)

Mucositis, emesis

  1. Spielberger et al.  Palifermin for Oral Mucositis after Intensive Therapy for Hematologic Cancers.  NEJM 2004;351:2590
  2. Vadhan-Raj et al. Single-Dose Palifermin Prevents Severe Oral Mucositis During Multicycle Chemotherapy in Patients With Cancer A Randomized Trial. Ann Intern Med 2010;153:358
  3. Hesketh P. Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. NEJM 2008;358:2482
  4. Italian Group for Antiemetic Research. Dexamethasone, granisetron. or both for the prevention of nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy for cancer. NEJM 1995;332:1
  5. Navari et al. Olanzapine for the Prevention of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting. NEJM 2016;375:134
  6. Moulopoulos and Dimopoulous. Magnetic resonance imaging of the bone marrow in hematologic malignancies. Blood 1997;90:2127

Management of chemotherapy-related cytopenias (also see Biology and clinical use of cytokines and hematopoetic growth factors and Transfusion Medicine)

  1. Soff et al. Management of chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia: guidance from the ISTH Subcommittee on Hemostasis and Malignancy. J Thromb Haemost 2024;22:53

Thrombosis and cancer

Biology, epidemiology, natural history

  1. Falanga and Marchetti. Cancer-associated thrombosis: enhanced awareness and pathophysiologic complexity. J Thromb Haemost 2023;21:1397
  2. Hisada and Mackman. Cancer-associated pathways and biomarkers of venous thrombosis. Blood 2017;130:1499
  3. Suzuki-Inoue K. Platelets and cancer-associated thrombosis: focusing on the platelet activation receptor CLEC-2 and podoplanin. Blood 2019;134:1912
  4. Timp et al. Epidemiology of cancer-associated venous thrombosis. Blood 2013;122:1712
  5. Gimbel et al. Pulmonary embolism at autopsy in cancer patients. J Thromb Haemost 2021;19:1228(12% of autopsied patients had PE)
  6. Mulder et al. Venous thromboembolism in cancer patients: a population-based cohort study. Blood 2021;137:1959(9-fold higher VTE risk after cancer dx)
  7. Pabinger et al. Biomarkers for prediction of venous thromboembolism in cancer. Blood 2013;122:2011
  8. Chee et al. Predictors of venous thromboembolism recurrence and bleeding among active cancer patients: a population-based cohort study. Blood 2014;123:3972
  9. Walker et al. When are breast cancer patients at highest risk of venous thromboembolism? A cohort study using English health care data. Blood 2016;127:849(Chemotherapy increased VTE risk 11-fold, tamoxifen 5-fold)
  10. Geddings and Mackman. Tumor-derived tissue factor–positive microparticles and venous thrombosis in cancer patients. Blood 2013;122:1873
  11. Chew et al. Incidence of Venous Thromboembolism and Its Effect on Survival Among Patients With Common Cancers. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:458
  12. Khorana et al. Development and validation of a predictive model for chemotherapy-associated thrombosis. Blood 2008;111:4902
  13. van Es et al. The Khorana score for prediction of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients: An individual patient data meta‐analysis. J Thromb Haemost 2020;18:1940(Questions utility of Khorana score in lung cancer patients; score performed better in other cancers)
  14. Pabinger et al. A clinical prediction model for cancer-associated venous thromboembolism: a development and validation study in two independent prospective cohorts. Lancet Haematol 2018;5:e289(Cancer site and D-dimer predict VTE risk)
  15. Muñoz et al. A Clinical-Genetic Risk Score for Predicting Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism: A Development and Validation Study Involving Two Independent Prospective Cohorts. J Clin Oncol 2023;41:2911
  16. Douce et al. Risk factors for cancer‐associated venous thromboembolism: The venous thromboembolism prevention in the ambulatory cancer clinic (VTE‐PACC) study. J Thromb Haemost 2019;17:2152(VTE risk in cancer persists beyond 6 mo and risk factors vary with time)
  17. Ay et al. High plasma levels of soluble P-selectin are predictive of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients: results from the Vienna Cancer and Thrombosis Study (CATS). Blood 2008;112:2703
  18. Ay et al. Prediction of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients. Blood 2010;116:5377(Predictive model includes clinical parameters, blood counts, D-dimer and soluble P-selectin)
  19. Blom et al. Malignancies, prothrombotic mutations, and the risk of venous thrombosis.  JAMA 2005;293:715
  20. Louzada et al. Development of a Clinical Prediction Rule for Risk Stratification of Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism. Circulation 2012;126:448
  21. Ma et al. Circulating tumor DNA predicts venous thromboembolism in patients with cancers. J Thromb Haemost 2025;23:139 (Mainly in cancers with multiple mutations)
  22. Gade et al. The impact of initial cancer stage on the incidence of venous thromboembolism: the Scandinavian Thrombosis and Cancer (STAC) Cohort. J Thromb Haemost 2017;15:1567(Impact of stage varies with cancer type; highest risk in year 1 after dx; distant metastases increased risk)
  23. Falanga and Marchetti. Venous thromboembolism in the hematologic malignancies. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:4848
  24. Silvis et al. Cancer and risk of cerebral venous thrombosis: a case–control study. J Thromb Haemost 2018;16:90(5 fold higher risk of CVT in cancer patients; heme malignancy highest risk)
  25. Burdett et al. Determining venous thromboembolism risk in patients with adult-type diffuse glioma. Blood 2023;141:1322 (Hx of prior VTE strongest predictor; includes web-based prediction tool)
  26. Galanaud et al. Long-term outcomes of cancer-related isolated distal deep vein thrombosis: the OPTIMEV study. J Thromb Haemost 2017;15:907(Cancer-related distal DVT has much worse prognosis than non-cancer related distal DVT)
  27. Dentali et al. Clinical course of isolated distal deep vein thrombosis in patients with active cancer: a multicenter cohort study. J Thromb Haemost 2017;15:1757(High recurrence risk, relatively low bleeding risk with anticoagulant Rx)
  28. Poudel et al. Clinical outcomes of isolated distal deep vein thrombosis versus proximal venous thromboembolism in cancer patients: The Cleveland Clinic experience. J Thromb Haemost 2020;18:651(Outcomes similar to those in cancer patients with proximal DVT)
  29. van der Hulle et al. Risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism and major hemorrhage in cancer-associated incidental pulmonary embolism among treated and untreated patients: a pooled analysis of 926 patients. J Thromb Haemost 2016;14:105 (Subsegmental PE had recurrence risk similar to more proximal PE; LMWH superior to VKA with respect to bleed risk)
  30. Caiano et al. Outcomes among patients with cancer and incidental or symptomatic venous thromboembolism: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost 2021;19:2468(Lower recurrence rate with incidentally found VTE)
  31. White et al. Incidence of Venous Thromboembolism in the Year Before the Diagnosis of Cancer in 528 693 Adults. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:1782
  32. Carrier et al. Systematic Review: The Trousseau Syndrome Revisited: Should We Screen Extensively for Cancer in Patients with Venous Thromboembolism? Ann Intern Med 2008;149:323(10% of pts with unprovoked VTE diagnosed w/ cancer within 12 mo; abd/pelvic CT increased diagnostic yield significantly)
  33. Carrier et al. Screening for Occult Cancer in Unprovoked Venous Thromboembolism. NEJM 2015;373:697 (“Routine screening… did not provide a clinically significant benefit”; <5% of patients found to have occult CA. With editorial)
  34. Søgaard et al. Splanchnic venous thrombosis is a marker of cancer and a prognostic factor for cancer survival. Blood 2015;126:957(8% of patients diagnosed with cancer within 3 mo. Liver and pancreatic cancer most common non-heme malignancies)
  35. Valeriani et al. Clinical history of cancer-associated splanchnic vein thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2021;19:983(Natural hx similar to thrombosis in “usual” locations)
  36. Ihaddadene et al. Risk factors predictive of occult cancer detection in patients with unprovoked venous thromboembolism. Blood 2016;127:2035(Age >60, hx of provoked VTE, and smoking status predicted occult cancer; 3.9% of patients diagnosed with cancer within a year of VTE episode)
  37. Jara-Palomares et al. Development of a Risk Prediction Score for Occult Cancer in Patients With VTE. Chest 2017;151:564
  38. Delluc et al. Occult cancer screening in patients with venous thromboembolism: guidance from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost 2017;15:2076
  39. van Es et al. Screening for Occult Cancer in Patients With Unprovoked Venous Thromboembolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Patient Data. Ann Intern Med 2017;167:410(Occult cancer diagnosed in 5% of patients within a year of unprovoked VTE event; older patients at higher risk)
  40. Bertoletti et al. Predicting the risk of cancer after unprovoked venous thromboembolism: external validation of the RIETE score. J Thromb Haemost 2017;15:2184
  41. Navi et al. Arterial thromboembolic events preceding the diagnosis of cancer in older persons. Blood 2019;133:781(69% higher risk of arterial events in the year prior to cancer diagnosis; most events 1-2 mo prior toof cancer diagnosis)
  42. Leader et al. Previously undiagnosed cancer in patients with arterial thrombotic events – A population-based cohort study. J Thromb Haemost 2022;20:635
  43. Kamphuisen et al. Clinically relevant bleeding in cancer patients treated for venous thromboembolism from the CATCH study. J Thromb Haemost 2018;16:1069(15% incidence clinically relevant bleeding; age >75 and intracranial malignancy independent risk factors)
  44. Carrier et al. Rates of venous thromboembolism in multiple myeloma patients undergoing immunomodulatory therapy with thalidomide or lenalidomide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost 2011;9:653(Therapeutic dose of warfarin most effective in VTE prevention)
  45. Leleu et al. MELISSE, a large multicentric observational study to determine risk factors of venous thromboembolism in patients with multiple myeloma treated with immunomodulatory drugs. Thromb Haemost 2013;110:844(VTE occurred in 7% on ASA, 3% on LWMH, 0% on VKA)
  46. Libourel et al. High incidence of arterial thrombosis in young patients treated for multiple myeloma: results of a prospective cohort study. Blood 2010;116:22(Smoking, hypertension, and high factor VIII levels associated with higher risk. Highest incidence during induction Rx)
  47. Kristinsson et al. Deep vein thrombosis after monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and multiple myeloma. Blood 2008;112:3582(risk of DVT 3-fold higher than normal in MGUS and 9-fold higher in myeloma)
  48. Kristinsson et al. Arterial and venous thrombosis in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and multiple myeloma: a population-based study. Blood 2010;115:4991 (Risk of venous events greater than risk of arterial events in both conditions)
  49. Koehler et al. Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of patients with monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis and chronic lymphocytic leukemia who develop venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Haemost 2025;23:149 (6-fold higher VTE rate)
  50. Yamshon et al. Venous thromboembolism in patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma treated with lenalidomide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood Adv 2018;2:1429
  51. Olson et al. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor–Associated Thromboembolism. JAMA Oncol 2019;5:141
  52. Adelborg et al. Risk of thromboembolic and bleeding outcomes following hematological cancers: A Danish population‐based cohort study. J. Thromb Haemost 2019;17:1305
  53. Patrzalek et al. Cancer-associated non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis—Clinical series from a single institution. Am J Hematol 2024;99:596

Treatment & prevention

  1. Key et al. Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis and Treatment in Patients With Cancer: ASCO Guideline Update. J Clin Oncol 2023 (Epub)
  2. Giustozzi et al. Direct Oral Anticoagulants for the Treatment of Acute Venous Thromboembolism Associated with Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Thromb Haemost 2020;120:1128
  3. Kraaijpoel and Carrier. How I treat cancer-associated venous thromboembolism. Blood 2019;133:291
  4. Wang et al. The use of direct oral anticoagulants for primary thromboprophylaxis in ambulatory cancer patients: Guidance from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost 2019;17:1772
  5. López-Núñez et al. Management of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. J Thromb Heamost 2018;16:2391
  6. Key et al. Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis and Treatment in Patients With Cancer: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline Update. J Clin Oncol 2019 (Epub)
  7. Fuentes et al. Direct Oral Factor Xa Inhibitors for the Treatment of Acute Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc 2019 (Epub)
  8. Khorana et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism in cancer outpatients: guidance from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost 2014;12:1928
  9. Carrier et al. Apixaban to Prevent Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Cancer. NEJM 2019;380:711(Apixaban lowered VTE rate from 10.2% to 4.2%, increased major bleeding rate from 1.1% to 2.2%; with editorial)
  10. Mahé et al. Extended Reduced-Dose Apixaban for Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism. NEJM 2025;392:1363 (Similar efficacy, less bleeding with low dose; with editorial)
  11. Sun et al. Comparative safety and effectiveness of apixaban and rivaroxaban for treatment of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism: A retrospective cohort study. PLOS Med 2025 (Epub)
  12. Watson et al. Guideline on aspects of cancer-related venous thrombosis. Br J Haematol 2015;170:640
  13. Siegal and Garcia. Anticoagulants in cancer. J Thromb Haemost 2012;10:2230
  14. Elalamy et al. Long-term treatment of cancer-associated thrombosis: the choice of the optimal anticoagulant. J Thromb Haemost 2017;15:848
  15. Moik et al. Extended anticoagulation treatment for cancer-associated thrombosis—Rates of recurrence and bleeding beyond 6 months: A systematic review. J Thromb Haemost 2022;20:619
  16. Carrier et al. Management of challenging cases of patients with cancer-associated thrombosis including recurrent thrombosis and bleeding: guidance from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost 2013;11:1760
  17. Bannow et al. Management of cancer‐associated thrombosis in patients with thrombocytopenia: guidance from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost 2018;16:1246
  18. Lee A. Anticoagulation in the Treatment of Established Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:4895
  19. Farge et al. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. J Thromb Haemost 2013;11:56
  20. Lee and Peterson. Treatment of cancer-associated thrombosis. Blood 2013;122:2310
  21. Lee et al.  Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin versus a Coumarin for the Prevention of Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Cancer. NEJM 2003;349:146
  22. Meyer et al. Comparison of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin and Warfarin for the Secondary Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With Cancer. A Randomized Controlled Study. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:1729(Less bleeding, lower mortality in enoxaparin group)
  23. Lee et al. Tinzaparin vs Warfarin for Treatment of Acute Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With Active Cancer. A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2015;314:677(No statistically significant difference in efficacy between warfarin and tinzaparin, lower bleeding risk with tinzaparin)
  24. van der Wall et al. Continuation of low-molecular-weight heparin treatment for cancer-related venous thromboembolism: a prospective cohort study in daily clinical practice. J Thromb Haemost 2017;15:74(20% of patients stopped using LMWH within 90 days due to side effects)
  25. Zwicker and Bauer. How Long Is Long Enough? Extended Anticoagulation for the Treatment of Cancer-Associated Deep Vein Thrombosis. J Clin Oncol 2014;32:3596
  26. Lapébie et al. Predictors of recurrence of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism after discontinuation of anticoagulant therapy: a multicenter cohort study. J Thromb Haemost 2023;21:2189 (Discontinuation despite active cancer safe if thrombosis was surgery-related; cancer site, IVC  filter, residual venous obstruction or postthrombotic sx increased risk)
  27. Napolitano et al. Optimal duration of low molecular weight heparin for the treatment of cancer-related deep vein thrombosis: The Cancer-DACUS study J Clin Oncol 2014;32:3607(Absence of residual clot associated with a low risk of recurrence if treatment stopped)
  28. Francis et al. Treatment of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients with dalteparin for up to 12 months: the DALTECAN Study. J Thromb Haemost 2015;13:1028(11% VTE recurrence rate, 3.6% major bleeding rate; both rates highest in 1st month of treatment)
  29. Barbarawi et al. The role of anticoagulation in venous thromboembolism primary prophylaxis in patients with malignancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Thromb Res 2019;181:36(LMWH, apixaban & rivaroxaban decrease VTE incidence with “marginal” bleeding risk)
  30. Sanford et al. The effect of low molecular weight heparin on survival in cancer patients: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Thromb Haemost 2014;12:1076(No effect of LMWH treatment on cancer mortality)
  31. Akl et al. Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin vs Unfractionated Heparin for Perioperative Thromboprophylaxis in Patients With Cancer. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:1261(no difference in mortality)
  32. Van Matre et al. Evaluation of unfractionated heparin versus low‐molecular‐weight heparin and fondaparinux for pharmacologic venous thromboembolic prophylaxis in critically ill patients with cancer. J Thromb Haemost 2018;16:2492(Similar VTE rate but less bleeding and HIT with LMWH in this large observational study)
  33. Agnelli et al. Semuloparin for thromboprophylaxis in patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer. NEJM 2012;366:601(VTE incidence decreased from 3.4% with placebo to 1.2%, no significant increase in bleeding risk)
  34. Pelzer et al. Efficacy of Prophylactic Low–Molecular Weight Heparin for Ambulatory Patients With Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: Outcomes From the CONKO-004 Trial. J Clin Oncol 2015;33:2028(Enoxaparin prophylaxis reduced VTE rate from 15% to 6% in a 3 mo period; no increase in bleeding, no effect on survival)
  35. Schulman et al. Recurrent venous thromboembolism in anticoagulated patients with cancer: management and short-term prognosis. J Thromb Haemost 2015;13:1010(In cancer pts who had breakthrough VTE, switching from VKA to LMWH decreased subsequent recurrences, but dose escalation did not)
  36. Warkentin et al. Warfarin-induced venous limb ischemia/gangrene complicating cancer: a novel and clinically distinct syndrome. Blood 2015;126:486
  37. Leader et al. How I treat acute venous thromboembolism in patients with brain tumors. Blood 2024;144:1781
  38. Goulart et al. Intracranial Hemorrhage With Direct Oral Anticoagulants vs Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin in Brain Tumors: A Review and Meta-Analysis. Neurology 2025 (Epub) (DOACs safer than LMWH in primary brain tumors)
  39. Donato et al. Intracranial hemorrhage in patients with brain metastases treated with therapeutic enoxaparin: a matched cohort study. Blood 2015;126:494 (Therapeutic anticoagulation does not increase risk of ICH in patients with brain mets)
  40. Giustozzi et al. ICH in primary or metastatic brain cancer patients with or without anticoagulant treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.  Blood Adv 2022;6:4873
  41. Zwicker et al. A meta-analysis of intracranial hemorrhage in patients with brain tumors receiving therapeutic anticoagulation. J Thromb Haemost 2016;14:1736 (Anticoagulation did not increase risk of IC bleeding with brain mets but increased risk 4x with gliomas)
  42. Mantia et al. Predicting the higher rate of intracranial hemorrhage in glioma patients receiving therapeutic enoxaparin. Blood 2017;129:3379 (3x higher risk of ICH with therapeutic enoxaparin in glioma pts; describes a useful prediction tool)
  43. Carney et al. Intracranial hemorrhage with direct oral anticoagulants in patients with brain tumors. J Thromb Haemost 2019;17:72 (DOACs caused less bleeding than LMWH in this retrospective study)
  44. Cohen et al. Effectiveness and safety of anticoagulants among venous thromboembolism cancer patients with and without brain cancer. Thromb Res 2023;226:117 (Retrospective analysis of over 30,000 cancer patients; apixaban had best safety and efficacy regardless of cancer type)
  45. Lee A. When can we stop anticoagulation in patients with cancer-associated thrombosis? Blood 2017;130:2484
  46. Shaw et al. Periprocedural interruption of anticoagulation in patients with cancer‐associated venous thromboembolism: An analysis of thrombotic and bleeding outcomes. J Thromb Haemost 2019;17:1171(30 day post-op bleeding and VTE rates both about 4%)
  47. Larocca et al. Aspirin or enoxaparin thromboprophylaxis for patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma treated with lenalidomide. Blood 2012;119:933(VTE rates 2.3% with ASA vs 1.2% with LMWH)
  48. Palumbo et al. Aspirin, Warfarin, or Enoxaparin Thromboprophylaxis in Patients With Multiple Myeloma Treated With Thalidomide: A Phase III, Open-Label, Randomized Trial. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:986(All three drugs had similar efficacy)
  49. Tao et al. Aspirin and antiplatelet treatments in cancer. Blood 2021;137:3201
  50. Navi et al. Apixaban vs Aspirin in Patients With Cancer and Cryptogenic Stroke. A Post Hoc Analysis of the ARCADIA Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol 2024 (Epub) (Similar outcomes with either drug)
  51. Gulati and Eckman. Anticoagulant Therapy for Cancer-Associated Thrombosis : A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Ann Intern Med 2023;176:1 (DOACs more effective and cost-effective than LMWH; with editorial)

DOACs in cancer

  1. Carrier and Wang. Direct oral anticoagulants and cancer-associated VTE: good for all, or just some? Blood 2020;136:669
  2. Mulder et al. Direct oral anticoagulants for cancer-associated venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood 2020;136:1433
  3. Li et al. Direct oral anticoagulant for the prevention of thrombosis in ambulatory patients with cancer: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Thromb Haemost 2019;17:2141
  4. Khorana et al. Rivaroxaban for Thromboprophylaxis in High-Risk Ambulatory Patients with Cancer. NEJM 2019;380:720(CASSINI trial. Rivaroxaban lowered VTE rate from 6.4% to 2.6% while patients on treatment, but over 40% discontinued treatment. Major bleeding 2% with rivaroxaban vs 1% with placebo; with editorial)
  5. Khorana et al. Assessing Full Benefit of Rivaroxaban Prophylaxis in High-Risk Ambulatory Patients with Cancer: Thromboembolic Events in the Randomized CASSINI Trial. TH Open 2020;4:e107
  6. Agnellii et al. Apixaban for the Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism Associated with Cancer. NEJM 2020;382:1599(Caravaggio trial; recurrent VTE in 5.6% of apixaban cohort vs 7.9% with dalteparin; bleeding risk similar with each drug; with editorial)
  7. Ageno et al. Bleeding with Apixaban and Dalteparin in Patients with Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism: Results from the Caravaggio Study. Thromb Haemost 2020 (Epub). (No excess GI bleeding with apixaban in GI cancer or other patient groups)
  8. Cohen et al. Effectiveness and Safety of Apixaban, Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin, and Warfarin among Venous Thromboembolism Patients with Active Cancer: A U.S. Claims Data Analysis. Thromb Haemost 2020 (Epub)(Apixaban treatment associated with lower risk of recurrent VTE and major bleeding than LMWH)
  9. van der Hulle et al. Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants in patients with cancer-associated acute venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Haemost 2014;12:1116(No major difference in safety or efficacy between new agents and VKAs)
  10. Zakai et al. Impact of anticoagulant choice on hospitalized bleeding risk when treating cancer‐associated venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Haemost 2018;16:2403(Bleeding risk with DOACs similar to those with warfarin nd LMWH in this large retrospective study)
  11. Khorana et al. Role of direct oral anticoagulants in the treatment of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism: guidance from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost 2018;16:1891
  12. Agnelli et al. Oral apixaban for the treatment of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients: results from the AMPLIFY trial. J Thromb Haemost 2015;13:2187(Apixaban treatment, compared to LMWH/VKA, associated with less recurrent VTE and less bleeding in subsets of patients with active cancer or a history of cancer)
  13. McBane et al. Apixaban and dalteparin in active malignancy‐associated venous thromboembolism: The ADAM VTE trial. J Thromb Haemost 2020;18:411(Apixaban more effective than dalteparin, caused less bleeding)
  14. McBane et al. Extending venous thromboembolism secondary prevention with apixaban in cancer patients. The EVE trial. J Thromb Haemost 2024;22:1704 (No apparent benefit to 2.5 mg bid vs 5 mg bid)
  15. Yamashita et al. Rivaroxaban for 18 Months Versus 6 Monthsin Patients With Cancer and Acute Low-Risk Pulmonary Embolism: An Open-Label,Multicenter, Randomized Clinical Trial (ONCOPE Trial).  Circulation 2024 (Epub) (Extended treatment reduced VTE event rate from 19% to 5.6%)
  16. Raskob et al. Edoxaban for venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: results from a non-inferiority subgroup analysis of the Hokusai-VTE randomised, double-blind, double-dummy trial. Lancet Haematol 2016;3:e379(Edoxaban as effective as warfarin, caused less bleeding)
  17. Raskob et al. Edoxaban for the Treatment of Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism. NEJM 2018;378:615(Edoxaban non-inferior to dalteparin; less recurrent VTE but higher bleeding especially in patients with GI cancer; with editorial)
  18. Di Nisio et al Extended treatment with edoxaban in cancer patients with venous thromboembolism: A post‐hoc analysis of the Hokusai‐VTE Cancer study. J Thromb Haemost 2019;17:1866(As effective and safe as dalteparin)
  19. Young et al. Comparison of an Oral Factor Xa Inhibitor With Low Molecular Weight Heparin in Patients With Cancer With Venous Thromboembolism: Results of a Randomized Trial (SELECT-D). J Clin Oncol 2018 (Epub)(Rivaroxaban lowered 6-mo VTE recurrence rate from 11% to 4% but cause somewhat more bleeding)
  20. Shimizu et al. Direct oral anticoagulants are effective and safe for the treatment of venous thromboembolism associated with gynecological cancers. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2019 (Epub)
  21. Carrier et al. Apixaban to Prevent Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Cancer. NEJM 2019;380:711(Apixaban 2.5 .mg bid lowered VTE rate from 10.2% to 4.2%, increased major bleeding rate from 1.1% to 2.2%; with editorial)
  22. Miranda et al. Safety of Primary Thromboprophylaxis Using Apixaban in Ambulatory Cancer Patients with Intracranial Metastatic Disease or Primary Brain Tumors. Thromb Haemost 2019 (Epub)(Post hoc analysis of AVERT trial suggests apixaban 2.5 mg bid is safe in this population)
  23. Larsen et al. Low dose apixaban as secondary prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients – 30 months follow-up. J Thromb Haemost 2022;20:1166 (Switching to LD apixaban after 6 mo of full dose treatment safe and effective)
  24. Cohen et al.  Effectiveness and Safety of Extended Treatment Apixaban Versus Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin in Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism. JNCCN 2024;22:397 (Apixaban superior to LMWH in this retrospective study)
  25. Popov et al. Step down to 6 months of prophylactic-dose low molecular weight heparin after initial full-dose anticoagulation for the treatment of cancer-associated thrombosis (STEP-CAT): A pilot study. J Thromb Haemost 2022;20:1868
  26. Cornell et al. Primary Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism With Apixaban for Multiple Myeloma Patients Receiving Immunomodulatory Agents. Br J Haematol 2020 (Epub)(50 patient single arm study; no VTE or bleeding over 6 months)
  27. Beccatini et al. Rivaroxaban vs placebo for extended antithrombotic prophylaxis after laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer. Blood 2022;140:900 (10 mg/d rivaroxaban superior to placebo)
  28. Wiegers et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism and bleeding after major surgery for ovarian cancer: standard in-hospital versus extended duration of thromboprophylaxis. J Thromb Haemost 2023;21:294 (Better outcomes with 28-day prophylaxis)

Central venous catheters

  1. Wang et al. Management of catheter-related upper extremity deep vein thrombosis in patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost 2024;22:749
  2. Debourdeau et al. Venous thromboembolism associated with central venous catheters in patients with cancer: From pathophysiology to thromboprophylaxis, areas for future studies. J Thromb Haemost 2021;19:2659
  3. Kahale et al. Anticoagulation for people with cancer and central venous catheters. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018;6:CD006468
  4. Rajasekhar and Streiff. How I treat central venous access device–related upper extremity deep vein thrombosis. Blood 2017;129:2727
  5. Zwicker et al. Catheter-associated deep vein thrombosis of the upper extremity in cancer patients: guidance from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost 2014;12:796
  6. Lee and Kamphuisen. Epidemiology and prevention of catheter-related thrombosis in patients with cancer. J Thromb Haemost 2012;8:1491
  7. Saber et al. Risk factors for catheter-related thrombosis (CRT) in cancer patients: a patient-level data (IPD) meta-analysis of clinical trials and prospective studies. J Thromb Haemost 2011;9:312
  8. Chopra et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism associated with peripherally inserted central catheters: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2013;382:311(2-3 fold increase in risk of thromboembolism with PICCs versus other central venous catheters; higher relative risk in ICU pts or cancer pts)
  9. Chopra et al. The Michigan Risk Score to predict peripherally inserted central catheter-associated thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2017;15:1951
  10. Chopra et al. Peripherally inserted central catheter-related deep vein thrombosis: contemporary patterns and predictors. J Thromb Haemost 2014;12:847
  11. Decousus et al. Cancer-associated thrombosis in patients with implanted ports: a prospective multicenter French cohort study (ONCOCIP). Blood 2018;132:707(About 4% of solid tumor patients with ports developed catheter-related thrombosis in a 12 month period. Antiplatelet Rx appeared protective)
  12. Rogers et al. Association between delivery methods for red blood cell transfusion and the risk of venous thromboembolism: a longitudinal study. Lancet Haematol 2016;3:e563 (Transfusion through multi-lumen PICC doubles risk of CRT vs transfusion via peripheral IV)
  13. Debourdeau et al. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment and prophylaxis of thrombosis associated with central venous catheters in patients with cancer. J Thromb Haemost 2013;11:71
  14. Shivakumar et al. Catheter-associated thrombosis in patients with malignancy. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:4858
  15. Klerk et al.  Thrombosis Prophylaxis in Patient Populations With a Central Venous Catheter. A Systematic Review.  Arch Intern Med 2003;163:1913
  16. Brandt et al. Efficacy and safety of apixaban for primary prevention of thromboembolism in patients with cancer and a central venous catheter: A subgroup analysis of the AVERT Trial. Thromb Res 2022;216:8 (Apixaban 2.5 mg bid associated with significantly fewer clots, no increase in bleeding)
  17. D’Ambrosio et al. Anticoagulation for central venous catheters in patients with cancer (letter). NEJM 2014;371:1362
  18. Safdar and Maki. Risk of Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infection With Peripherally Inserted Central Venous Catheters Used in Hospitalized Patients. Chest 2005;128:489
  19. Jiang et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism associated with totally implantable venous access ports in cancer patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Thromb Haemost 2020;18:2253

Radiation Oncology

  1. Lichter and Lawrence. Recent advances in radiation oncology. NEJM 1995;332:371
  2. Roberts et al. Radiation pneumonitis: a possible lymphocyte-mediated hypersensitivity reaction. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:696
  3. Darby et al. Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease in Women after Radiotherapy for Breast Cancer. NEJM 2013;368:987(Increased risk proportional to radiation dose, continues for at least 20 y, higher risk if other cardiac risk factors present)

Clinical trials, informed consent

  1. Annas G. Informed consent, cancer, and truth in prognosis. NEJM 1994;330:223
  2. Marron and Joffe. Ethical considerations in genomic testing for hematologic disorders. Blood 2017;130:460
  3. Horstmann et al. Risks and Benefits of Phase 1 Oncology Trials, 1991 through 2002.  NEJM 2005;352:895
  4. Drazen et al. Evidence for Health Decision Making — Beyond Randomized, Controlled Trials. NEJM 2017;377:465