University of Wisconsin Hematology

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

  1. Popescu et al. Disseminated intravascular coagulation and its immune mechanisms. Blood 2022;139:1973
  2. Toh and Alhamdi. Current consideration and management of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Hematology 2013:286
  3. Bendapudi and Losman. How I diagnose and treat acute infection–associated purpura fulminans. Blood 2025;145:1358
  4. Gando et al. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2016;2: 16037
  5. Squizzato et al. Underlying disorders of disseminated intravascular coagulation: Communication from the ISTH SSC Subcommittees on Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation and Perioperative and Critical Care Thrombosis and Hemostasis. J Thromb Haemost 2020;18:2400
  6. Iba et al. Mechanisms and management of the coagulopathy of trauma and sepsis: trauma-induced coagulopathy, sepsis-induced coagulopathy, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. J Thromb Haemost 2023;22:3360
  7. Iba et al. Diagnosis and management of sepsis‐induced coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation. J Thromb Haemost 2019;17:1989
  8. Iba et al. Differential diagnoses for sepsis‐induced disseminated intravascular coagulation: communication from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost 2018 (Epub)
  9. Iba et al. Thromboinflammation in acute injury: infections, heatstroke, and trauma. J Thromb Haemost 2024;22:7
  10. Iba et al. The role of thromboinflammation in acute kidney injury among patients with septic coagulopathy. J Thromb Haemost 2024;22:1530
  11. Bendapudi et al. Low-frequency inherited complement receptor variants are associated with purpura fulminans. Blood 2024;143:1032
  12. Singh et al. Trends in the Incidence and Outcomes of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Critically Ill Patients (2004-2010): A Population-Based Study. Chest 2013;143:1235
  13. Flaeng et al. Infection type and short-term mortality in patients with infection-associated disseminated intravascular coagulation: a cohort study. Infect Dis (Lond) 2025 (Epub)
  14. Levi and Scully. How I treat disseminated intravascular coagulation. Blood 2018;131:845
  15. Squizzato et al. Supportive management strategies for disseminated intravascular coagulation. An international consensus. Thromb Haemost 2016;115:871
  16. Thachil et al. Management of cancer-associated disseminated intravascular coagulation: guidance from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost 2015;13:671
  17. Chornenki et al. Identification of hemostatic markers that define the pre‐DIC state: A multi‐center observational study. J Thromb Haemost 2020;18:2524(Platelets, INR, antithrombin and Protein C)
  18. Kitchens C. Thrombocytopenia and thrombosis in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Hematology 2009;240
  19. Gando et al. Differentiating disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) with the fibrinolytic phenotype from coagulopathy of trauma and acute coagulopathy of trauma-shock (COT/ACOTS). J Thromb Haemost 2013;11:826
  20. Gando and Wada. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in cardiac arrest and resuscitation. J Thromb Haemost 2019;17:1205
  21. Raza et al. The incidence and magnitude of fibrinolytic activation in trauma patients. J Thromb Haemost 2013;11:307(Fibrinolytic activation common in trauma and correlates with poor outcome)
  22. Yang et al. The role of type 1 interferons in coagulation induced by gram-negative bacteria. Blood 2020;135:1087
  23. Chang et al. Advances in the understanding of trauma-induced coagulopathy. Blood 2016;128:1043
  24. Varki A. Trousseau’s syndrome: multiple definitions and multiple mechanisms. Blood 2007;110:1723
  25. Martí-Carvajal et al. Treatment for disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients with acute and chronic leukemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015 (Epub)
  26. Aird WC.  The role of the endothelium in severe sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.  Blood 2003;101:3765
  27. Ono et al. Severe secondary deficiency of von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease (ADAMTS13) in patients with sepsis-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation: its correlation with development of renal failure. Blood 2006;107:528
  28. Abrams et al. Assembly of alternative prothrombinase by extracellular histones initiates and disseminates intravascular coagulation. Blood 2021;137:103
  29. Hawiger et al. New paradigms in sepsis: from prevention to protection of failing microcirculation. J Thromb Haemost 2015;13:1743
  30. Hou et al. Endothelial Permeability and Hemostasis in Septic Shock Results. From the ProCESS Trial. Chest 2017;152:22(Markers of endothelial permeability strongly predicted mortality in septic shock)
  31. Umemura et al. Efficacy and safety of anticoagulant therapy in three specific populations with sepsis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Thromb Haemost 2016;14:518(Some evidence of benefit in sepsis-associated DIC)
  32. Toussaint and Gerlach. Activated protein C for sepsis. NEJM 2009;361:2646
  33. Bernard et al.  Efficacy and Safety of Recombinant Human Activated Protein C for Severe Sepsis.  NEJM 2001;344:699
  34. Nick et al. Recombinant human activated protein C reduces human endotoxin-induced pulmonary inflammation via inhibition of neutrophil chemotaxis. Blood 2004;104:3878
  35. Ranieri et al. Drotrecogin Alfa (Activated) in Adults with Septic Shock. NEJM 2012;366: 2055(No apparent benefit to rAPC; with editorial)
  36. Cornet et al. Activated protein C attenuates pulmonary coagulopathy in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Thromb Haemost 2013;11:894
  37. Bendapudi et al. Persistence of endothelial thrombomodulin in a patient with infectious purpura fulminans treated with protein C concentrate. Blood Adv 2018;2:2917
  38. O’Sullivan et al. Emerging roles for hemostatic dysfunction in malaria pathogenesis. Blood 2016;127:2281
  39. Allingstrup et al. Antithrombin III for critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016(No evidence of benefit in any category studied).
  40. Valeriani et al. Efficacy and safety of recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin in patients with sepsis‐associated coagulopathy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Thromb Haemost 2020;18:1618
  41. Vincent et al. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 2b Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Recombinant Human Soluble Thrombomodulin, ART-123, in Patients With Sepsis and Suspected Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation. Crit Care Med 2013; 41:2069(Treatment safe, possibly beneficial in sickest patients; with editorial)
  42. Vincent et al. Effect of a Recombinant Human Soluble Thrombomodulin on Mortality in Patients With Sepsis-Associated Coagulopathy. The SCARLET Randomized Clinical Trial, JAMA 2019 (Epub)(No reduction in 28-day mortality)
  43. Tagami et al. Recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin and mortality in severe pneumonia patients with sepsis-associated disseminated intravascular coagulation: an observational nationwide study. J Thromb Haemost 2015;13:31(No apparent reduction in mortality with rhTM)
  44. Vincent et al. Effect of a Recombinant Human Soluble Thrombomodulin on Mortality in Patients With Sepsis-Associated Coagulopathy. The SCARLET Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2019;321:1993(No significant reduction in 28-day mortality with rhTM)
  45. Kerlin et al. Survival advantage associated with heterozygous factor V Leiden mutation in patients with severe sepsis and in mouse endotoxemia. Blood 2003;102:3085
  46. Warkentin and Pai. Shock, acute disseminated intravascular coagulation, and microvascular thrombosis: is ‘shock liver’ the unrecognized provocateur of ischemic limb necrosis? J Thromb Haemost 2016;14:231
  47. Warkentin et al. Colloid Transfusion, Natural Anticoagulant Depletion, and Symmetric Peripheral Gangrene. NEJM 2020;383:1592(Suggests albumin or high dose IVIG may promote thrombosis in DIC due to depletion of natural anticoagulants)
  48. Lisman et al. Global hemostatic status in patients with acute‐on‐chronic liver failure and septics without underlying liver disease. J Thromb Haemost 2021;19:85
  49. Glas et al. Coagulopathy and its management in patients with severe burns. J Thromb Haemost 2016;14:865
  50. Zhang et al. Coagulopathy induced by traumatic brain injury: systemic manifestation of a localized injury. Blood 2018;131:2001
  51. Gold et al. Bites of venomous snakes. NEJM 2002;347:347